黄河流域人居环境的地方性与适应性：挑战和机遇

黄河流域由于自然环境、地理区位的特殊性,其人居环境处于不断变化的复杂过程中,并且始终面临着严峻挑战。而人居环境空间与自然、社会各要素的耦合过程,源于人地关系变化进程中呈现出的动态、综合、系统性的适应机制。因而揭示系统适应性机制是解决黄河流域人居环境困境的关键。为此,本文以“地方性与适应性”为视角,邀请来自黄河流域青海、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西、山西、河南、山东等省区的专家学者,从自然地理、社会经济、城乡发展、遗产保护等视角解读黄河流域的人居环境特征,并为适应中国新型城镇化路径寻找可持续策略。核心观点如下：总体而言,黄河流域的人居环境适应性具有多尺度空间关联性和历史地理依赖性;黄河流域承担着重要的生态功能,但不同区段的自然环境面临着土地盐碱化、水土流失、环境污染等问题,需要推动人地耦合关系的绿色化;黄河流域特别是上游沿线聚落具有鲜明的开放性、民族文化多样性和交融性特色,多民族协同共荣发展是必由之路;黄河中上游因复杂的自然环境形成了窑洞等特殊的聚落空间,在快速城镇化进程中面临着转变和消失,留住传统聚落的文化基因,亟需分级分类推进其演化进程;黄河流域城市群的内外辐射带动是流域全境高质量发展的基础,城市结构的优化提升是推动高质量发展的重要途径,实现可持续发展还需要科技创新和产业结构转型升级。     

Sheep's wool insulation: A sustainable alternative use for a renewable resource?

Material selection in manufacturing may be characterized as a series of trade-offs between characteristics, properties, environmental impacts, sustainability, availability, and economics. Societal concerns about the environmental impacts of construction practices and materials have been expressed through an increase in the demand, production and use of “green” building products. This, combined with a desire to integrate more bioproducts and natural and renewable resources into the construction industry, has extended to the production and promotion of insulation made from sheep's wool.Although substantial literature exists on the insulation properties and other benefits of wool, less is known about the economics and manufacturing processes of sheep's wool insulation at varying scales of production. This paper contributes to this field of enquiry through presentation of the preliminary results of a wool insulation manufacturing pilot project, in which the scale and economics of the production of sheep's wool insulation were considered. Processing techniques, the impact of sheep breed, yield, energy use, and manufacturing costs were also examined. The results of the pilot project indicate that, while sheep's wool insulation produced at a smaller, or artisanal scale shows some potential, scale of operation and volume of production need to be carefully considered in order to ensure long-term sustainability of the operation. Using the least expensive sheep's wool available for the manufacture of wool batt insulation (and thereby reducing production costs) did not, in this pilot study, have a negative impact on productivity or product performance. Diversion of this waste stream of currently less marketable, and consequently less valuable wool, into the production of a green building material may offer small but significant benefit to sheep producers and the broader agricultural community, as well as consumers.     

论WTO处理环保议题的路径选择

WTO处理环保议题主要是通过召开会议、制定协议、创制协调机构以及解决争端等方式,上述路径从整体上构成了世界贸易组织的环境保护实践。"借用"WTO争端解决机制处理环保议题,成为有效协调环境保护与促进贸易自由的现实选择。WTO争端解决机制履行世贸组织环境保护方面的职权,解决与环境有关的贸易争端,其法律解释和裁决报告等不断塑造着世贸组织的环保体系。在缺少完善的环境领域争端解决机制的情况下,"借用"WTO争端解决机制处理环保议题的模式将会长期存在。     

秸秆收贮利用体系建设的困境与政策建议

我国拥有丰富的秸秆资源,但秸秆资源的利用效率很低,主要原因是秸秆收贮利用体系建设严重滞后。加强秸秆收贮利用体系建设,应强化政府对秸秆收贮利用体系建设的规范和引导,整合秸秆收贮利用各环节的相关资源,并拓宽秸秆利用企业的融资渠道。     

An Exergy Aware Optimization and Control Algorithm for Sustainable Buildings

Abstract

Heating and air-conditioning systems have very low exergetic efficiency as they dissipate primary energy resources at low temperatures usually between 90 and 60°C. This compounds the problem that buildings spend approximately 30% of all the energy consumed in the U.S. for heating and air-conditioning. The overall result is a large entropy production and long-term environmental degradation that can be resolved only by substituting primary energy resources by low-temperature, waste, or alternative energy resources, usually available below 50°C. For such a replacement to be feasible the environmental cost of exergy production must be factored into calculations and compatible HVAC systems must be developed without any need for temperature peaking or equipment oversizing. This article addresses environmental and often-conflicting problems associated with exergy production by HVAC systems and presents an analytical optimization and control algorithm. Results indicate that when a careful design optimization is accompanied by a dynamic control of the split between radiant and convective means of satisfying thermal HVAC loads, exergy efficient sustainable buildings may be cost effective and environmentally benign.     

超高层建筑人员电梯辅助疏散及其影响参数研究

针对传统疏散方式很难在短时间内有效地将人员疏散至室外安全区的难题,研究分析了超高层建筑中人员疏散策略以及电梯作为辅助人员疏散方式的可行性。首先,对人员疏散速度进行了研究,对电梯运行特性进行了分析;然后,利用数值模拟的方法,对影响电梯辅助疏散的参数进行研究,以对超高层建筑人员疏散以及疏散电梯的设计提供理论参考。结果表明,电梯与疏散楼梯相结合的疏散方式能够快速地完成高层建筑内部人员疏散。该组合疏散方式中决定总疏散时间的主要因素是疏散人数、电梯运行速度、电梯容纳人数、电梯疏散人员比例。当电梯疏散人数占总体疏散人数的40％时,疏散总时间最短。     

Towards sustainable development in Austria: renewable energy contributions

Besides energy conservation, theexploration of renewable energy sources, inparticular biomass and solar energy, arecentral aspects of the Austrian energypolicy, regarded as an optimal option forachieving CO₂-emission reductionobjectives.The market penetration of RenewableEnergy Technologies in the last twentyyears was supported by the AustrianEnergy Research Programme. The result ofsuccessful developments of biomass heating,solar thermal, solar electrical and windenergy technologies is the key for themarket development of these renewableenergy technologies.With the market penetration of renewableenergy technologies new business areas wereestablished and employment created.Today, some renewable energy technologiesin Austria have reached economiccompetitiveness. Some technologies notreached commercialisation, and need moredevelopment to improve efficiency,reliability and cost to become commercial.This would include material and systemdevelopment, pilot plants or fieldexperiments to clarify technical problems,and demonstration plants to illustrateperformance capabilities and to clarifyproblems for commercialisation.     

现代石化工业建筑设计的HSE理念

随着社会的进步和石化行业向着高科技高效益的迅猛发展，人们对生存环境和工作环境的质量要求越来越高。通过介绍现代石化建筑的HSE理念，探讨现代石化建筑的设计思想及手法和努力创造“以人为本”具有人性化特征的工作场所，说明现代石化建筑设计应该致力于满足人们对建筑物的安全健康与环境的要求。     

可吸入性粉尘电凝并效应的实验研究

可吸入性粉尘对环境、人体具有较大的危害,但由于粒径小而难以被除尘器直接捕集。电凝并是通过电场的作用使粉尘粒子荷电而发生凝并,使之有效直径增大从而便于捕集的简单、易行方法。研发采用偶极荷电凝并器并利用重力沉降作用测试可吸入性粉尘电凝并效应的实验装置,在测试段设置沉降板放置若干载玻片作为取样点。采用粉煤灰为实验样品,分别在未荷电、电压18 k V,20 k V 3种状态下进行对比实验研究。实验结果表明,研发的实验装置可以有效测试粉尘在测试段的沉降效果,显微镜直接观察和图像粒度分析处理以及中位径分析表明,荷电凝并后的粉尘粒径明显增大,大粒径粉尘百分比明显提高,平均粒径亦有所增大,且电压越高,效果越明显。     

基于云证据理论的地铁盾构施工临近建筑物变形安全控制预警决策方法研究

为实现对地铁盾构施工临近建筑物变形安全控制的预警,结合工程实践和标准法规构建了包括监测项目和巡视项目共7个指标的评价体系,并将其划分为一般风险、显著风险、高风险和严重风险4个等级;基于监测信息和专家评价值确定指标特征值,采用云模型构建指标基本可信度分配,基于D-S证据理论对指标进行多层融合,利用蒙特卡洛模拟对建筑物变形影响因素进行敏感性分析;以武汉轨道交通7号线土建工程第3标段金银湖村5栋建筑物为例,对地铁盾构施工临近建筑物变形的安全警情状态进行评价。评价结果表明:4栋建筑物处于显著风险等级,1栋建筑物为一般风险等级,并结合蒙特卡洛模拟对风险最大的建筑物的监测点的影响因素进行敏感性分析,可为建筑物变形安全控制提供决策建议。