性能化设计思想在化工设施布局安全设计中的应用

指令性规范是目前化工设施平面布局安全设计的主要依据,但其在应用中存在着条款僵化、安全理论基础不全面、可拓展性不明确等问题。本文将性能化设计思想引入到化工企业平面布局安全设计中,初步提出了一种包含危险辨识、性能化目标确定、后果评估及安全设施效用评估等主要组成部分的基于性能化设计思想的平面布局安全设计体系。对体系中最重要的部分—性能化目标确定进行了重点分析,将化工设施布局安全设计分为装置内设备之间的位置设计、厂区内装置区之间的位置设计以及厂区与外部单位之间的位置设计三个级别,从工艺关联性等角度对各级别布局设计中事故场景选择及设施可接受受损水平进行分析,并提出了通过匹配事故场景和设施可接受受损水平来确定性能化目标的方法。     

基于声发射技术的T700碳纤维/树脂基体界面性能评估

目的 采用声发射技术,对东丽T700碳纤维和2款树脂基体的界面性能进行评估。方法 通过多组单丝拉伸试验,获取T700碳纤维Weibull形状参数m和尺度参数σ₀。使用单纤维断裂方法,利用声发射技术进行监测,选择声发射信号的幅值和能量作为特征,对T700碳纤维和透明的E51环氧树脂及不透明的聚苯硫醚树脂的单纤维断点数量分别进行评估,并与显微镜观察的数量进行对比。结果 获取了T700碳纤维与2种树脂的单纤维断裂声发射信号特征数值。通过声发射监测和显微镜观察法,测量得T700碳纤维与E51环氧树脂的界面剪切强度分别为44.03、46.47 MPa,偏差在5.5%左右。通过声发射技术,测量得T700碳纤维与聚苯硫醚树脂的界面剪切强度达33.43 MPa。结论 使用声发射技术能够准确监测碳纤维/树脂界面中单纤维的断裂信号,为评价纤维和不透明树脂的界面性能提供了有效方法。     

典型船用通导设备低温性能试验研究

目的 建立有效的低温试验检测手段及评估方法,以保障冰区航行船舶在低温环境下的通讯导航能力。方法 在国军标与船标的指导下,针对典型船用通导设备磁罗经与电子罗经,开展包括试前工作测试、–25℃低温贮存试验、–20℃低温工作试验以及附加防寒措施的系列考核试验。结果 试验成功复现了低温环境下磁罗经与电子罗经的性能失效模式。磁罗经经历低温后,磁力指向稳定性大幅减弱,试验前后指向刻度最大偏差可达3.3°;电子罗经经历低温后,指向误差最大可达3.7°,电流最大增长32.8%。通过遮蔽防寒、伴热措施保温后,整个试验过程中温度趋于稳定,磁罗经与电子罗经的刻度示值变化幅度减小。结论 磁罗经内部部件机械阻尼的增大以及自差校正磁棒磁力的改变是引起磁罗经定位精度率波动、定位误差变大的主要原因。电子罗经天线内部电气元件的性能改变是引起指向刻度变化的主要因素。通过采取一定的防寒保温措施,减小温度变化范围,将有利于提高磁罗经与电子罗经低温工作的稳定性。     

Mapping non-conventional atmospheric drinking-water harvesting opportunities in Central Eurasia: The case of Kazakhstan

Drinking water scarcity is becoming an urgent problem worldwide, and it affects developing and developed countries alike. Kazakhstan is not an exception and has its primary sources of drinking water (groundwater, rivers, and lakes) continuously depleted and polluted; moreover, the country will be close to its exploitation limits within the following decades. However, modern technologies allow us to harvest drinking water from unintegrated sources, like the atmosphere. Therefore, it is crucial to research which non-conventional technologies can be used to obtain drinking water from unintegrated sources for the country, considering the cost, viability of use through the year, and local climate conditions. Thus, the present assessment was performed for the 14 demographic regions in Kazakhstan and two city-states, and a map depicting the most feasible technology for each region is presented, including their levelized cost per liter. Seven mature technologies were found to be feasible in Kazakhstani year-round climates. However, Air AW₃ technology and Artificial Glaciers (AG) were the most cost-effective for family-size and village-size solutions, respectively. The water provided via utility pipelines proved to be the most cost-effective manner, when available, to supply drinking water at a family-size scale, but found a less expensive competitor in the AG technology for village-size solutions. Moreover, the lack of utility water pipelines in some Kazakhstani regions, principally countryside rural areas, makes it vital to deploy and implement these alternative water-harvesting technologies to guarantee the future water security of these regions.     

再生水工艺中曝气生物滤池的特性研究

对再生水工艺中曝气生物滤池(BAF)的运行特性进行了试验研究,结果表明:BAF对浊度的平均去除率为72%,出水浊度稳定在5NTU以下;COD最佳水力负荷为7 m/h,最佳容积负荷为5.89 kg/(m3.d);NH4+-N最佳水力负荷为5.0 m/h;水力冲击负荷对硝化菌的影响较小,而对异养碳化菌影响较大。     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using ZnO/TiO composites

ZnO/TiO₂ composites were synthesized by using the solvothermal method and ultrasonic precipitation followed by heat treatment in order to investigate their photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous suspension under UV irradiation. The composition and surface structure of the catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The degradation efficiencies of MO at various pH values were obtained. The highest degradation efficiencies were obtained before 30min and after 60min at pH 11.0 and pH 2.0, respectively. A sample analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. Six intermediates were found during the photocatalytic degradation process of quinonoid MO. The degradation pathway of quinonoid MO was also proposed.     

鼓风曝气充氧性能与曝气器水深关系

应用相似原理,建立曝气器清水充氧性能与曝气器浸没深度变化的数学模式,为曝气器充氧性能科学预测和曝气工艺设计提供可靠的参数。     

中央环保绩效考核对地方二氧化硫排放量的影响：基于“十一五”与“十二五”时期的检验

基于"十一五"和"十二五"期间(2006—2015)我国31个省份的面板数据,以二氧化硫排放量为研究对象,发现以环境约束性指标为抓手的环保绩效考核有效减少了地方的二氧化硫排放量,且"十二五"期间的政策驱动力比"十一五"期间更强。随着环保绩效考核的持续推进,年轻的省委书记越来越关注污染减排,但与年长的省委书记相比,环境绩效依然较差。总体来说,官员异质性对环境政策执行效果的影响正在逐渐减弱,制度化机制对地方环境治理的驱动效果正在增强。在"十四五"期间,进一步优化中央环保绩效考核制度将成为"打赢蓝天保卫战"的关键所在。     

二噁英/呋喃类的PGC柱-高效液相色谱精制法

针对现行二英物质的三氧化二铝柱分离净化技术的缺陷,介绍了目前最新的二英类物质间的单离纯化技术———高效PGC(PorousGraphiticCarbon)柱-液相色谱分离方法的实际应用。通过13C-二英类物质的实际分离条件以及分析流程的研究,二英类的最终纯化技术达到自动化。对实际土壤中二英类物质的分析结果表明:单分离二英类物质组分效果良好,回收率稳定达到99%以上,自动化程度高;溶剂用量少,安全性好;排除了人为干扰,减少了操作过程的失败。      

利用废旧橡胶研制管式微孔曝气器

采用废旧橡胶研制的微孔曝气器 ,制造工艺简单 ,机械强度高 ,价格低廉 ;传质效率高 ,曝气充氧性能优良 ,搅拌能力强 ;沿管长具有很好的均匀布气性 ,输气曝气合二为一 ,安装方便 ;拓展了废旧橡胶的综合利用途径 ,以废治废 ,减少了废旧橡胶对环境的污染 ,是固体废气物综合利用的环保型高科技产品。