民用建筑生命周期固体废弃物排放的资源环境压力

降低民用建筑生命周期固体废弃物排放带来的资源环境压力,促进经济发展逐步走上资源减量化和环境减压化的轨道,是全社会面临的共同问题。本文借用生态足迹方法和能值分析方法,构建了民用建筑生命周期各阶段固体废弃物排放的资源环境压力计算模型,并以沈阳市图书馆为例,进行了实证研究。结果表明:废弃水泥排放引起的资源环境压力分别占施工阶段生态足迹的48.56%,占使用与维护阶段生态足迹的82.78%,占拆除及废弃建材处置阶段生态足迹的56.73%;而废弃商品混凝土排放造成的资源环境压力在施工阶段生态足迹和拆除及废弃建材处置阶段生态足迹中的比例分别为31.90%和37.26%;就生命周期各阶段而言,拆除及废弃建材处置阶段固体废弃物排放的资源占用足迹最大,占总足迹的92.91%,使用与维护阶段资源占用足迹最小,占总足迹的1.06%。因此,民用建筑在生命周期各阶段削减固体废弃物排放量的重点是减少水泥和商品混凝土的用量,多开发可替代混凝土结构的钢结构或组合结构形式的民用建筑。     

Determination of vapor pressure-temperature relationships of current–use pesticides and transformation products

Sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (P_L ⁰) of current–use organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides (chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos methyl, diazinon, fipronil) and selected transformation products (chlorpyrifos oxon, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) were determined at multiple temperatures using the gas chromatography retention time technique. Results were utilized to determine vapor pressure-temperature relationships and to calculate enthalpies of vaporization (ΔH_vap). While results for chlorothalonil and diazinon were comparable with published values, the measured value for fipronil (1.82 × 10^{? 6} Pa) is almost an order of magnitude higher than the reported literature value (3.7 × 10^{? 7} Pa). The availability of vapor pressure temperature relationships for these chemicals will aid in pesticide risk assessment development and improve the effectiveness of mitigation and remediation efforts.     

Pseudomonas fluorescens Dynamics in the Soil Surface to Subsurface Transect

Microbial displacement in the soil is an important process for bioremediation and dispersal of wastewater pathogens. We evaluated cell movement in surface and subsurface red-yellow podzolic soil driven by advection and microbial motility and also survival of a microbial population at high pressure as is prevalent in deep soil layers. Pseudomonas fluorescens Br 12, resistant to rifampycin and kanamycin, was used as a model organism traceable in non-sterile soil. Our results showed that more than 40% of the P. fluorescens population survived under high pressure, and that microbial motility was not a major factor for its displacement in the soil. Cells were adsorbed in similar amounts to surface and subsurface soils, but more viable cells were present in the leachate of surface than in subsurface soils. The nature of this unexpected cell binding to the subsurface soil was studied by EPR, Mossbauer, NMR, and infrared techniques, suggesting iron had a weak interaction with microbes in soil. P. fluorescens movement in soil resulted mainly from convection forces rather than microbial motility. The transport of this bacterium along the transept toward groundwater encountered restricted viability, although it survived under high pressure conditions simulating those in deep soil layers.     

Artificially roughened solar air heater: A comparative study

Artificially roughened solar air heater has been topic in research for the last 30 years. Prediction of heat transfer and fluid flow processes of an artificially roughened solar air heater can be obtained by three approaches: theoretical, experimental, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This article provides a comprehensive review of the published literature on the investigations of artificially roughened solar air heater. In the present article, an attempt has been made to present holistic view of various roughness geometries used for creating artificial roughness in solar air heater for heat transfer enhancement. This extensive review reveals that quite a lot of work has been reported on design of artificially roughened solar air heater by experimental approach but only a few studies have been done by theoretical and CFD approaches. Finally this article presents a comparative study of thermo-hydraulic performance of 21 different types of artificial roughness geometries attached on the absorber plate of solar air heater in terms of thermo-hydraulic performance parameter. Heat transfer and friction factor correlations developed by various investigators for different types of artificially roughened solar air heaters have also been reported in this article.     

Optimal heat rejection pressure for transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with an expander

Heat rejection pressure plays an important role in designing a transcritical CO₂ refrigeration system, and it has an optimal value to maximize the system’s coefficient of performance (COP). With a thermodynamic simulation model, the optimal heat rejection pressure is studied in the paper for an expander cycle, as well as conventional throttle valve cycle. The effects of compressor efficiency, expander efficiency, gas cooler outlet temperature, and evaporation temperature on the optimal heat rejection pressure are analyzed. It is the first time for a transcritical CO₂ expander cycle that the optimal heat rejection pressure is correlated with the gas cooler outlet temperature and the evaporation temperature at given compressor efficiency and expander efficiency. The average deviation from the correlation to simulation results is less than 1.0%. The correlation provides a guideline to system development and performance optimization of a transcritical CO₂ expander cycle.     

中原经济区能源消费视角下的大气环境压力评估

研究以能源消费模式为切入点,分析中原经济区能源消费总量、消费结构和利用效率的现状水平,并分析能源消费引起的大气环境压力状况。基于经济发展速度调控及节能减排力度的不同,设置2020年三种能源消费情景,使用区域能源消费总量优化模型模拟预测不同情景下的能源消费总量,并分析不同情景下的大气环境压力。结果表明,快速发展和适度发展Ⅰ情景下,2020年区域能源消费总量将比2012年增加4.2×10~8tce和2.4×10~8tce,煤炭消费总量将增加3.1×10~8tce和1.2×10~8tce,大气污染物排放压力增加30%和50%;适度发展Ⅱ情景下,能源消费总量将增加0.2×10~8tce,煤炭消费总量将下降0.3×10~8tce,大气污染物排放压力将降低20%。因此,要实现经济发展稳步增长(年均增长率7.7%)和大气污染物排放总量削减10%目标,重中之重是实现煤炭消费总量"零增长"或"负增长",同时力争能源消费总量控制在5×10~8~6×10~8tce,凭借煤炭占比大幅下降(降至65%左右)最大限度发挥能源供给领域节能效应,依靠产业结构升级节能效应和技术节能拓展能源消费领域节能空间,将能效水平提高至0.6tce/万元以下。     

新型低气阻高效除尘器的研究与应用

为了提高除尘器对细颗粒物的捕捉效率,制备了一种由蜂窝陶瓷、聚酰胺材质扭线刷和缚尘剂组成的除尘模块。其中填充了聚酰胺扭线刷的蜂窝陶瓷为除尘模块的主体,该主体独有的结构将拦截尘粒的滤料纤维分布在与气流方向垂直的平面上,有利于含尘气体的捕捉。缚尘剂为除尘模块的增强因子,它可以在除尘模块表面形成液膜,用来抑制除尘时的二次扬尘,提高除尘效率。通过对涂覆有缚尘剂的除尘模块的除尘效率的研究表明,含尘气体通过除尘模块,对粒径2μm的颗粒除尘效率最高可达到97.08%,表明了除尘模块去除细颗粒物的潜力;另外,在实验中设定的条件下,系统的压降保持在85 Pa以下。总体而言,该除尘模块在保持较低压降的同时对细颗粒物有较高的去除效率,有应用在工业除尘的潜力。     

汽轮机回热系统安全运行与节能降耗

通过对300 MW汽轮机回热加热系统运行现状调查,分析了加热器端差异常和易发生泄漏原因,并制定了相应的对策。探索了远场涡流检测技术在高压加热器检验中的应用规律,通过高低水位调整试验确定了其最佳运行方式,对高压加热器的设计、制造及运行具有借鉴意义。     

上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理饮料废水

通过监测西安可口可乐饮料有限公司污水处理站的上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,探讨饮料废水厌氧处理过程中COD去除率、沼气组分、氢分压、出水挥发性脂肪酸、产甲烷活性以及污泥形态。结果表明,UASB反应器对饮料废水中的COD去除率达到84.55%,产生的沼气中甲烷组分含量高达74.5%。反应器内的氢分压仅2.5 Pa,为水解发酵和产氢产乙酸过程创造了良好的条件。UASB反应器中污泥具有较高的产甲烷活性,以乙酸、丙酸和丁酸为基质时,最大比产甲烷活性分别为407.14、331.74和241.27 m L CH4/(g VSS·d)。UASB反应器中的污泥形态主要为絮状,甲烷菌中的优势菌为甲烷丝菌,同时存在少量甲烷杆菌。针对该厂UASB反应器中污泥的现状,提出了影响颗粒化的因素和控制措施,为后期的运行和管理提供了参考依据。     

不干胶废弃物热重分析

为了探索不干胶类包装废弃物的热解特性,采用热重分析手段分析了不同升温速率条件下不干胶类废弃物的失重特点,并且采用Ozawa法和KAS法比较分析不同转化率条件下的表观活化能分布.热重分析结果表明,不干胶类废弃物的热解主要分为3个阶段:第1阶段(室温～ 200℃)为不干胶类废弃物的干燥阶段,第2阶段(200 ～ 590℃)为热解的主要阶段,第3阶段(590 ～800℃)为热解半焦的深度热解阶段.升温速率对热解失重率有重要影响,Ozawa法和KAS法计算结果表明,2种方法计算的热解活化能比较接近,Ozawa法得到的活化能为349.9 kJ/mol,KAS法得到的活化能为336.9kJ/mol;并且不干胶类废弃物的热解表观活化能呈现出阶段性分布.