基于环空带压临界值确定高温高压气井临界产量

高温高压气井环空带压现象日益严重,环空带压过大可能破坏井筒的完整性,基于能量守恒定律和井筒径向传热机理,建立了井筒多环空温度场计算模型;综合考虑环空温度效应和体积效应,建立了环空带压控制方程,以某高温高压气井为例,开展了基于环空带压临界值确定高温高压气井临界产量的具体分析。研究结果表明:环空温度随产量和生产时间的增大先增加后逐渐稳定,相比生产时间,产量对环空温度的影响更加明显;环空带压越大,井下管柱安全系数越小,综合对比API RP 90标准和环空带压安全评价2种方法的结果,确定了各环空最大允许带压值,结合环空带压与产量的关系可得到高温高压气井的临界产量。研究结果对合理制定高温高压气井的生产制度具有理论指导意义。     

电厂烟气注入采空区封存的可行性

为了考察将电厂烟气注入采空区实现防火与气体封存的可行性,采用自制的煤大样量吸附装置测定了常温、常压条件下塔山烟煤对各种烟气成分的饱和吸附量,并对烟煤在空气和烟气氛围下对氧气的吸附行为进行了研究. 结果表明:将电厂烟气注入井下采空区,每t煤可封存约1.20 m3的CO₂,烟气中SO₂和NO₂可全部被烟煤封存;在物理吸附阶段,烟煤对CO₂的吸附量分别为对N₂吸附量的13倍,对O₂吸附量的41倍;在常温、常压条件下,烟煤对N₂和CO₂的吸附为物理吸附,12 h已基本达到饱和状态,但烟煤对O₂的吸附随着时间的增加逐渐由物理吸附转变为化学吸附,因此在较长时间内未能达到平衡状态. 通过不同气体氛围下烟煤吸附氧气量的数据分析发现,将电厂烟气注入到采空区,因烟煤对氧气的吸附量降低了29%,可有效抑制其自燃反应的进行. 研究显示,电厂烟气注入采空区可实现节能减排和灾害治理的统一.      

相对端面比对旋风除尘器主要性能的影响

为了提高旋风除尘器的分离效率,利用RSM湍流模型构建三维旋风除尘器模型,研究了相对端面比对旋风除尘器主要性能的影响。数值模拟结果表明,随着相对端面比的减小,总压和切向速度随之降低,颗粒的停留时间缩短,因而提高了分离效率,为旋风除尘器的结构优化设计提供参考。     

油酸钠对餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵中利用乙酸产甲烷过程的影响

为了研究餐厨垃圾油脂中含有的长链脂肪酸(主要是油酸)对两相厌氧发酵中利用乙酸产甲烷过程的影响,采用中温(35±1)℃批式发酵,以浓度为10 g·L~(-1)的餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产甲烷相出水为接种液,以乙酸为底物,考察了添加不同浓度油酸钠对累积甲烷产量、产甲烷古菌数量以及发酵过程中乙酸代谢和氢气分压的影响.结果表明:1产甲烷延滞期随油酸钠浓度增加而延长.2油酸钠浓度低于6.0 g·L~(-1)的处理组经过延滞期后乙酸代谢恢复正常,可以完全被转化为甲烷,且部分油酸钠也可被转化为甲烷;油酸钠浓度高于8.0 g·L~(-1)的处理组乙酸代谢受到严重抑制,只有少量甲烷生成;油酸钠生成中间代谢产物,且甲烷转化率为0.3油酸钠对厌氧发酵中产甲烷古菌有严重的抑制作用,产甲烷古菌数量大幅度减少是乙酸代谢过程受到抑制的主要原因.4油酸钠的添加量超过6.0 g·L~(-1)时,在发酵初期会引起产甲烷相中氢分压的升高,也证实了油酸钠对厌氧发酵的抑制作用.     

Experimental investigation on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine by varying the injection pressure and injection timing using mixed biodiesel

Biodiesel is a promising fuel for compression ignition engines instead of diesel fuel. Due to the depletion of diesel fuel, an alternative fuel can be used in an engine. The experiments were conducted on a four-stroke, single cylinder CI engine. In this present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of injection pressure (IP) and injection timing (IT) on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines by using mixed biodiesel (Thevetia peruviana, Jatropha, Pongamia, and Azadirachta indica). The injection pressure is varied from 200 to 230 bar and the injection timing is varied from 23 to 29° bTDC at an increment of 10 bar and 2° bTDC, respectively, and the results were compared with diesel. From this study, the results showed that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was increased by 2.4% with an increase in injection pressure and 1.5% with an increase in the injection timing for the maximum load, but lesser than diesel. Furthermore, a reduction of 5.08% of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) has been noticed for the rise in IP and IT with loads but higher than diesel. The reduction was 34.17%, 53.85%, and 29.7% and 29.17%, 53.85%, and 21.95% of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions, respectively, at 230 bar injection pressure and at 27° bTDC injection timing. Also, a significant increase in nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions at the maximum load was observed by increasing the injection pressure and injection timing.     

Vent burst pressure effects on vented gas explosion reduced pressure

The overpressure generated in a 10 L cylindrical vented vessel with an L/D of 2.8 was investigated, with end ignition opposite the vent, as a function of the vent static burst pressure, P_stat, from 35 to 450 mb. Three different K_v (V^2/3/A_v) of 3.6, 7.2 and 21.7 were investigated for 10% methane–air and 7.5% ethylene–air. It was shown that the dynamic burst pressure, P_burst, was higher than P_stat with a proportionality constant of 1.37. For 10% methane–air P_burst was the controlling peak pressure for K <∼8. This was contrary to the assumption that P_red > P_burst in the literature and in EU and US standards. For higher K_v the overpressure due to flow through the vent, P_fv, was the dominant overpressure and the static burst pressure was not additive to the external overpressure. Literature on the influence of P_stat at low K_v was shown to support the present finding and it is recommended that the influence of P_stat in gas venting standards is revised.     

Probabilistic multiple model neural network based leak detection system: Experimental study

This paper presents an effective decision making system for leak detection based on multiple generalized linear models and clustering techniques. The training data for the proposed decision system is obtained by setting up an experimental pipeline fully operational distribution system. The system is also equipped with data logging for three variables; namely, inlet pressure, outlet pressure, and outlet flow. The experimental setup is designed such that multi-operational conditions of the distribution system, including multi pressure and multi flow can be obtained. We then statistically tested and showed that pressure and flow variables can be used as signature of leak under the designed multi-operational conditions. It is then shown that the detection of leakages based on the training and testing of the proposed multi model decision system with pre data clustering, under multi operational conditions produces better recognition rates in comparison to the training based on the single model approach. This decision system is then equipped with the estimation of confidence limits and a method is proposed for using these confidence limits for obtaining more robust leakage recognition results.     

Understanding the External Pressure and Behavior of Commercial Banks’ Environmental Risk Management: An Empirical Study Undertaken in the Yangtze River Delta of China

The present study employed a quantitative survey to ascertain whether the external pressure of environmental risk management (ERM) on commercial banks was a contributing factor to their ERM behavior. Data was obtained using questionnaires from 204 branches of commercial banks located in the Yangtze River Delta of China. The relationship between external pressure and behavior was tested using a linear structural relations model through path analysis. The results revealed that external pressure of ERM was significantly and positively related to the behavior and that pressure from governmental regulations was the most important contributing factor in the passive feedback behavior and preventive behavior of commercial banks. The pressure from markets was the most important contributing factor in banks’ active participation behavior; the pressure from community and NGOs was the most important contributing factor in their enthusiastic behavior.     

The explosion parameters of methanol under variable pressures and 423 K

The high-temperature and high-pressure methanol one-step oxidation has been the primary process for the mass production of dimethoxymethane. However, the risk of explosion for this process is still not properly defined. This paper presents new results from the experimental study on the explosion characteristics, including the explosion pressure and the explosion limits for methanol/air mixtures with a variable oxygen level, under an initial pressure between 0.3 MPa and 0.75 MPa and at the initial temperature of 423 K. The upper explosive limits were found to increase along with the initial pressure. If the limits for normal air are known, the oxygen effect on flammability is predictable from the thermal balance method. With a correlation for the pressure effect and a method for the oxygen effect, we can have the flammable range predictable.     

脱硫脱硝技术展望

论述了脱硫脱硝技术现状 ,通过分析比较得出 :湿法脱硫投资和运行成本高 ,产生的副产品无法进行再利用 ;电子束烟气脱硫脱硝技术投资和运行比湿法脱硫低20%～30%,但需要严格庞大的放射线防护设施 ,电子加速器昂贵 ,电子能量损失大。笔者提出强电离放电可以将烟气中的SO₂ 氧化 ,然后生成固体微粒 (NH₄)₂SO₄,提高反应速率 ,简化流程 ,有望真正解决我国的SO₂ 和NO_x。