表面活性剂冲洗修复多氯联苯污染土壤多相流研究

多氯联苯(PCBs)是一种具有持久性、抗生物降解性、脂肪溶性和明显的生物毒性等特性的持久性有机污染物,PCBs在土壤中难于准确定位、难被分解和强烈吸附,去除土壤中PCBs比较困难.表面活性剂冲洗法可以通过提高PCBs溶解度和降低水-PCBs界面张力来实现PCBs从土壤中去除;表面活性剂冲洗PCBs污染土壤涉及气相、水相、NAPLs相和固相等物质,是多相共存并相互发生作用的过程,发生相对渗透率、饱和度和毛细压力的变化;另外,为研究表面活性剂冲洗土壤中PCBs的去除机理,并降低PCBs对研究人员的危害,采用微观孔隙结构网络模型是一种较新颖的和效果显著的研究方法.开展表面活性剂冲洗PCBs污染土壤多相流研究,可以为PCBs污染场地修复提供理论基础和实验支持,并促进我国POPs履约工作的顺利进行.     

增压溶样－冷原子荧光法测定煤样中的汞

采用增压溶样器加７：３：５的ＨＮＯ３－Ｈ２ＳＯ４－ＨＣｌＯ４混合酸处理煤样．用冷原子荧光法测定煤样中的总汞含量。该法的加标回收率为９２．７～１１２．５％,结果令人满意。     

固相萃取富集高压液相色谱分析饮用水中的苯并(a)

本文以高压液相色谱仪作为样品分析手段,对Ｃ１８键合相吸附剂富集饮用水中苯并（ａ）芘回收效率的影响因素逐一进行系统研究。实验结果显示,在优化的样品富集和样品分析条件下,该方法具有快速、安全、高效和低耗等优点,在绝对进样量００２５～０３ｍｇ之间,线性良好,方法最低检出限为０５ｎｇ／Ｌ,同时准确度和精密度也得到很好地控制。另外,该方法在自来水及其源水的样品分析中获得了良好的结果。     

用射流曝气法处理医院污水的效果研究

研究了用射流曝气法处理医院污水的实际效果。从污水处理前后的水质变化、对比,证明了该方法在医院污水处理中所具有的优越性。     

浓密尾矿管道输送的研究现状及展望

为掌握浓密尾矿管道输送中的流动规律及阻力特性,对国内外现有研究成果进行了综述,以尾矿颗粒的粒径尺寸和分布特征为切入点,分析了颗粒-颗粒、颗粒-流体间的相互作用,提出将浓密尾矿管道输送划分为均质结构流和复合流动两种模式,分别对不同模式下浆体流变性质、颗粒运移行为、流动型态及阻力特性方面的研究成果和最新进展进行了评述。结果表明:均匀细颗粒(d dc)浓密尾矿可视为由细颗粒介质与离散粗颗粒组成的复合流体,粗颗粒具有"剪切沉降"效应,介质屈服应力较小(τy<5τyc)时,浆体在管道内分层流动,管流阻力可通过两层流模型进行分析。     

A New Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium Model to Compute Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Critical Pressure Ratios of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Mixtures

The critical pressure ratio (η_c) is an essential parameter for computing the vapor-liquid two-phase critical pressure and mass flow rate of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures flowing through valves and leakage orifices. The Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium Diener-Schmidt (HNE-DS) model widely used to calculate η_c assumes that the fluid's volume linearly changes with the pressure (using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation), which is not suitable for multicomponent gas mixtures. In this paper, a new Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium (new-HNE) model is proposed to calculate η_c of gas mixtures. Firstly, a new critical flow compressibility factor (ω_c) is developed from its thermodynamic definition and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS), overcoming the inherent limitations of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Then, η_c is correlated to the newly derived ω_c by fitting experimental data at various pressures and gas mass fractions of both single-component and multicomponent gas mixtures, yielding the new HNE-DS model. Results show that, for the water-steam and air-water two-phase flow, the average relative deviations (ARD) between the calculated critical pressure ratios and experimental values are equal to 2.8% and 4.93%, respectively, which represents a significant improvement in comparison with the original HNE-DS model. Moreover, this new model is extended to the applications of Liquefied natural gas (LNG)/liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fluids, and will further contribute to the calculation of the leakage mass flow rate of fluid flowing through the orifices/valves.     

An investigation of flammability limits of gaseous mixtures at reduced pressures

An experimental investigation of flammability limits of hydrogen, methane and propane in air and oxygen at reduced pressures was carried out. A slow influence of sizes of an experimental vessel of a diameter higher than 125 mm on the flammability limits was revealed, but an influence of a type of an oxidizer (air or oxygen) and an ignition energy is significant. Critical values of an initial pressure for a possibility of a flame propagation were determined. The limiting values of the ignition energy were determined, for which an elevation of this parameter does not influence the critical pressure and the flammability region. A qualitative interpretation of obtained experimental results is given, which is based on a peculiarities of a flame initiation.     

基于元胞自动机数学模型的瓦斯抽采管道漏点定位研究

为了解决普通数学模型难以准确描述瓦斯抽采管道内流体的流动状态问题，提出了以元胞自动机模型为基础的瓦斯抽采管道漏点定位模型。根据元胞自动机在空间和时间上离散化的特性来演化管道流体在时空上的连续变化，将管径变化、管壁粗糙度、管构异件种类和数量以及温度等参数沿管道进行离散化，利用元胞自动机理论以及管道两端的信号对管道沿线压力和流量等参数变化进行预测，以判断泄漏的发生和漏点定位。通过实验验证，该方法能提高漏点定位精度。     

袋式除尘器反吹风清灰效果实验研究

通过实验对袋式除尘器反吹风清灰效果进行了研究.实验表明,清洁滤袋阻力与粉尘层阻力相比可忽略不计,滤袋阻力与过滤风速成正比;反吹风清灰时,滤袋上粉尘负荷越大,清灰效果越好;粉尘剥离率随反吹风风速的增加而提高,当反吹风风速增加到3.5m/min时,剥离率增加趋于平缓.实验结果为袋式除尘器清灰时反吹风风速的选择提供了参考数据.     

中国环境载荷与环境减压分析

基于社会代谢的物质流核算和相关指标,构建了表征国家环境压力总量的本国环境载荷指标,并与经济总量结合得出环境效率指标,建立了指标的计算模型;对本国环境载荷进行了经济增长的反弹效应和效率提高的减量效应分解.对中国1990～2002年的本国环境载荷、环境效率和反弹与减量效应进行了实证研究.结果表明:我国经济的环境效率在研究期总体上以较高的速度增长,年均增长率为5.6%,表明本国环境压力实现了一定程度的相对减量;但这一时期经济增长的反弹效应比效率提高的减量效应大许多,导致环境载荷总量的较大幅度增加(年均增长率为3