微量金属元素投加量优化组合对污泥发酵产乙酸的影响

污泥厌氧发酵生产乙酸是实现污泥减量化和资源化的有效途径. 为了提高污泥中的ρ(乙酸),分别考察了Fe2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+5种微量金属元素的投加影响. 结果表明,5种微量元素都可以促进污泥中乙酸的产生,作用大小依次为Co2+>Mn2+>Fe2+> Zn2+>Cu2+. 但当Fe2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+投加量(以w计)分别超过0.100 0%、0.006 0%、0.002 0%、0.004 0%和0.100 0%时,ρ(乙酸)却明显下降. 分别选取Fe2+(0.040 0%~0.150 0%)、Co2+(0.002 0%~0.008 0%)、Cu2+(0.000 5%~0.006 0%)、Zn2+(0.000 5%~0.010 0%)和Mn2+(0.040 0%~0.150 0%)进行响应面条件优化试验. 在Fe2+、Mn2+投加量均为0.090 0%,Co2+、Zn2+投加量均为0.005 0%,Cu2+投加量为0.003 5%的组合优化条件下,ρ(乙酸)高达3 452 mg/L,比优化前提高了61.80%. 最优的微量元素投量组合条件下获得的试验结果与二次响应面回归模型预测值(3 475 mg/L)拟合率高达99.34%,表明所建立的回归模型可行.      

基于参数化模型优化的喷氨格栅设计方法研究

从喷氨格栅工程设计要求出发,结合数值模拟分析、代理模型技术以及优化设计方法,提出了一套基于参数化模型优化的喷氨格栅设计方法和流程。该方法从工程设计要求的分析入手,根据喷氨格栅几何参数对喷氨特性的影响特点和规律,建立参数化设计数学模型,并通过优化计算最终获得喷氨格栅的最优设计。另外,通过实例计算验证了该设计方法在SCR脱硝系统喷氨格栅设计中的适用性。     

污水厂曝气节能智能优化控制系统

针对国内大部分污水厂现有曝气控制中存在着溶解氧浓度波动大、曝气量冗余大、曝气单元能耗高等问题,提出曝气节能智能优化系统,该系统通过获得A/O工艺实时的在线数据不断进行模拟计算,然后按照生化池进水的污染物负荷状况,以曝气能耗最小为目标函数来获取最优的DO设定值及其PI控制器的参数Kp、Ki。该智能优化系统在沥滘污水厂的实际应用情况表明:该系统在盫こ鏊实那榭鱿拢唤鎏岣吡讼低车目垢汉沙寤髂芰Γ苯档土?曝气能耗。     

发酵法溶剂生产工艺的流程模拟与参数优化

对发酵法溶剂生产的精馏工艺流程采用化工流程模拟软件PROII进行了模拟。将复杂的流程分为醪塔子系统、丁塔子系统和乙丙子系统,采用液体活度系数模型NRTL和非理想物系的CHEMDIST算法,利用Distillation模块、Simple HX模块、Flash模块和Mixer模块分别进行模拟。流程模拟结果与实际运行结果吻合良好。在此基础上,以减少塔釜废液中溶剂含量为优化目标,利用中心组合设计(CCD)与PROII流程模拟相结合,对醪塔的部分操作参数进行了优化。优化后可使废液中溶媒含量减少至0.008%,远低于原工艺数据。     

工业废水污染治理途径与技术研究发展需求

根据工业废水的特点,构建科学合理的废水处理模式,不断完善和发展废水处理技术及水质安全评价与管理技术是水环境污染防治领域的重要课题. 在分析工业废水特点和阐述废水污染治理基本策略与途径的基础上,重点介绍了工业废水处理特性评价、工艺优选方法、水质安全管理等方面的研究进展,并探讨了废水污染治理思路和技术的发展方向. 指出工业废水污染治理应实现以下5个方面的转变和发展,即处理模式从不同种类废水混合收集集中处理向分类收集分别处理优先转变;研究开发从重视废水处理单一技术研发向同时重视废水处理技术集成与处理工艺优化方法研究转变;水质有机污染评价从重视综合浓度指标向同时关注和重视“有机物特征指标”转变;废水排放控制指标从重视常规指标向同时关注和重视水质安全和综合生物毒性指标转变;工艺设计理念从“处理工艺”向“生产工艺”转变.      

土壤样品有机氯农药残留GC/MS测定方法的优化

近年来土壤样品中有机氯农药的测定需求迅速增加. 参考国内外测定方法,按照实验室批量测定实际样品的要求,从消除背景干扰、提高测定数据质量出发,对样品前处理和仪器分析的各环节进行了系统的试验研究,全面优化了有机氯农药的GC/MS测定方法. 采用严格的质量保证/质量控制措施,包括对进样口滴滴涕分解的控制、合理选择有机氯农药定性和定量离子、使用有证标准样品进行验证试验等. 22种有机氯农药的清洁基体加标回收率为70%～110%,方法检出限为0.032 5～0.445 0 ng/g.      

Emergy algebra: Improving matrix methods for calculating transformities

Transformity is one of the core concepts in Energy Systems Theory and it is fundamental to the calculation of emergy. Accurate evaluation of transformities and other emergy per unit values is essential for the broad acceptance, application and further development of emergy methods. Since the rules for the calculation of emergy are different from those for energy, particular calculation methods and models have been developed for use in the emergy analysis of networks, but double counting errors still occur because of errors in applying these rules when estimating the emergies of feedbacks and co-products. In this paper, configurations of network energy flows were classified into seven types based on commonly occurring combinations of feedbacks, splits, and co-products. A method of structuring the network equations for each type using the rules of emergy algebra, which we called “preconditioning” prior to calculating transformities, was developed to avoid double counting errors in determining the emergy basis for energy flows in the network. The results obtained from previous approaches, the Track Summing Method, the Minimum Eigenvalue Model and the Linear Optimization Model, were reviewed in detail by evaluating a hypothetical system, which included several types of interactions and two inputs. A Matrix Model was introduced to simplify the calculation of transformities and it was also tested using the same hypothetical system. In addition, the Matrix Model was applied to two real case studies, which previously had been analyzed using the existing method and models. Comparison of the three case studies showed that if the preconditioning step to structure the equations was missing, double counting would lead to large errors in the transformity estimates, up to 275 percent for complex flows with feedback and co-product interactions. After preconditioning, the same results were obtained from all methods and models. The Matrix Model reduces the complexity of the Track Summing Method for the analysis of complex systems, and offers a more direct and understandable link between the network diagram and the matrix algebra, compared with the Minimum Eigenvalue Model or the Linear Optimization Model.     

基于遥感影像的木兰溪水质参数反演

水质监测对水环境评价及污染预防至关重要,但地面监测成本高、监测面积有限等,难以满足实时、大范围监测的要求。为了更好地解决该问题,基于遥感影像的空中监测技术越来越得到研究人员的青睐。以木兰溪为研究区,利用和地面监测数据同步的Landsat-8卫星遥感影像数据,对木兰溪的典型水质参数总磷、总氮、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数的反演问题进行研究。首先,根据Landsat-8的水体敏感波段,分别选取总磷、总氮、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数的反演特征波段组合为(b1-b2)/(b2+b3),(b1-b2)/(b3-b4),b2/(b1+b4),b1/b2;其次,利用反演特征波段组合分别构建总磷、总氮、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数浓度的SVR(Support Vector Regression)反演模型,通过IPSO算法对SVR模型的参数进行优选;然后,将IPSO-SVR反演模型和统计回归反演模型、广义回归神经网络(GRNN)反演模型在验证集上进行评估,以平均绝对误差和均方根误差作为评价指标进行对比分析,结果表明IPSO-SVR反演模型的平均绝对误差和均方根误差最小,说明IPSO-SVR反演模型具有较高的精度和较好的实用性...     

A stochastic approach for the operation of a wind and pumped storage plant under a deregulated environment

To improve the competiveness in the energy market, it is necessary that the wind power plants provide guaranteed power generation, although, it is not possible to forecast power availability from wind power plant accurately. This paper presents a stochastic model and solution technique for the combined operation of wind and pumped storage power plants to improve the power availability and increasing the profit considering uncertainties of wind power generation. In this model, uncertainties in wind data have been forecasted for grid connected day-ahead market using Weibull distribution model. The imbalances in the forecasted wind data and the market demand have been reduced by operating the pumped storage power plant. In this stochastic mixed integer problem, pumped storage plant can take the supply either from the grid or from the wind power plant for the pumping operation to store the energy in order to utilize this energy during peak hours for increasing the overall revenue. The reliability of the pumped storage is improved by replacing the conventional unit with the adjustable speed type pumped storage unit. In order to prove the optimality of the solution, two case studies were considered. In case study–I, scheduling is provided by operating the conventional pumped storage unit, whereas in case study–II, adjustable speed pumped storage unit has been used. It has been found that the adjustable speed pumped storage unit has further reduced the imbalance between generated power and demand. The complete approach has been formulated and implemented using AMPL software.     

基于系统动力学—投入产出分析整合方法的江苏省产业用水综合效用分析

产业用水结构的欠合理一定程度上制约着社会的发展,如何科学评价产业用水情况,取得在经济效益、水资源和环境资源约束下的协调发展已成为目前区域社会经济发展面临与亟待解答的科学问题。以江苏省为例,提出了系统动力学—投入产出分析整合方法,在构建反映产业结构、用水结构和排污结构的互动反馈的水资源综合利用系统动力学模型基础上,通过敏感性分析确定对系统影响较大的关键变量,运用投入产出分析技术,对江苏省各部门用水特性、排污特性和经济效益特性进行计算测度,由此构建了3种产业发展模拟方案。依据系统动力学模型输出结果,对2025年3种方案下的重点产业部门用水综合效用情况进行对比分析,进而优选出"节水治污型"方案,并最后提出保障方案实施的对策建议,为江苏省产业和用水结构调整提供决策依据。