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31.
梯级筑坝显著改变了河流碳的生物地球化学循环。为了了解梯级筑坝对河流HCO_3~-的影响,本文对乌江中上游梯级水库的HCO_3~-浓度、溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)CDIC)及相关的环境参数进行了长时间跨度的分析。乌江中上游梯级水库-河流体系HCO_3~-浓度为1 42154~3 38752μmol/L,平均值为2 36321μmol/L;δ~(13)CDIC为-1066‰~-452‰,平均值为-854‰;梯级筑坝导致河流具有下游HCO_3~-浓度升高的变化趋势。河流筑坝发电,易形成峡谷型深水水库。碳同位素证据和相关性分析表明,上层的光合作用和下层的呼吸作用成为控制发电水库碳循环的主要因素。这导致HCO_3~-浓度在水库剖面上呈现出由上层至下层逐渐增高的变化规律,再加上水库底层泄水的发电方式,最终导致梯级筑坝河流下游HCO_3~-浓度逐渐升高。本研究将加深梯级筑坝对河流碳循环影响机理的理解。 相似文献
32.
Abstract: New Zealand established its first no-take marine reserve more than 25 years ago. Twenty no-take marine reserves have now been created, although few of these are considered comparable. We considered whether existing conceptual models of population and community structure based only on data from exploited systems lack the baseline information of natural states necessary to make accurate predictions for new reserves. Three of the oldest and best-studied reserves are situated on the northeastern coast of New Zealand. These reserves are considered broadly comparable replicates, and research has shown the recovery of previously exploited predator populations and the reestablishment of trophic controls over community structure and productivity. None of the major changes was predicted when the reserves were created. All the observations from and experimental tests of hypotheses in these three ecologically comparable reserves have provided predictive models for future reserves. Recent surveys in newly created reserves, however, suggest that these models are bioregion and habitat specific. In these new reserves the recovery of previously exploited predators was predicted but did not always occur. Where trends were correctly predicted, the speed and amplitude of the changes were not accurately predicted. Research in New Zealand suggests that it is not yet possible to predict explicit outcomes for newly created reserves and less possible to predict detailed results for systems of reserves. Results from a representative system of reserves, including all major habitats within all bioregions and broadly comparable reserves, are needed. Such a system will enable the range and variety of natural ecosystem dynamics to be investigated and provide the controls necessary to measure the effects of exploitation. 相似文献
33.
J.V. Nabholz D. A. Crossley Jr. G. R. Best 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1984,20(4):619-625
ABSTRACT A weir system with a proportional sampler for use on miniature watershed ecosystems is described. Eight weir collection systems were evaluated for their ability to measure and sample inputs and outputs of soil-island ecosystems which occur on granite outcrops. The proportion of water actually collected by the weir systems was generally less than the proportion the systems were designed to sample, but adequate for supplying data needed for estimating elemental budgets. The weir systems were not able to account for 25 to 50 percent of the variation in total water passing over the cutoff wall. Several ways of improving overall performance of the weir systems are discussed. 相似文献
34.
为提高梯级水库群环境风险管理水平,加强流域生态环境保护,以溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库为研究对象,基于灾害系统理论和系统动力学,对溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库环境风险进行了系统梳理,辨识了梯级水库环境风险承载体、风险源、风险诱因,分析了环境风险传递机理,采用贝叶斯理论进行库区水体藻类爆发概率计算。结果表明:溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库环境风险通过水流、电流、系统动力学流进行传播,并会影响到电站机组和水工建筑物的安全,由于水动力减弱和库区污染物排放,导致库区水体藻类爆发概率为2.42%,死鱼概率为1.21%,在此基础上,绘制环境风险传递拓扑图,并提出相应的环境风险管控措施。 相似文献
35.
36.
M. Fujii N. Shinohara A. Lim T. Otake K. Kumagai Y. Yanagisawa 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2003,37(39-40):5495
Phthalate esters are used as plasticizer in many plastics, and several studies have shown their toxicity. Phthalate esters are gradually emitted over time, and so it is conceivable that they pose a significant health risk. This study aims to investigate the temperature dependence of the emissions of various phthalate esters and to estimate the health risks of these emissions at various temperatures. A passive-type sampler was developed to measure the flux of phthalate esters from the surface of plastic materials. With this sampler, we examined three widely used plastic materials: synthetic leather, wallpaper and vinyl flooring. The observed maximum emissions of diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from these materials at 20°C were 0.89, 0.77, and 14 μg m−2 h−1, respectively. Emissions at 80°C were 2.8, 4.5×102, and 1.5×103 μg m−2 h−1, respectively. The results showed this temperature dependence is determined primarily by the type of phthalate ester and less so by the type of material. The estimation from the results of temperature dependence indicated the concentration of DEHP in a vehicle left out in the sunshine during the day can exceed the recommended levels of Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 相似文献
37.
Polyurethane foam(PUF)passive samplers were deployed and tree bark samples were collected at 15 sites across western China in 2013,and the organochlorine pesticide(OCP)concentrations in the samples were determined.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products(collectively called DDTs),hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs),and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were the dominant OCPs in the PUF samples and tree bark samples.The mean DDTs,HCHs and HCB concentrations were 33,22 and 18 ng/sample in the PUF samples,and 428,74,and 43 ng/(g lipid weight(lw))in the tree bark,respectively.The OCP concentrations in the air,calculated using PUF–air and tree-bark–air partitioning models,were of the same order of magnitude.Both sample types showed that relatively fresh inputs of DDT and HCHs to the environment have occurred in western China.Meanwhile,PUF passive samplers were compared with the use of tree bark samples as passive samplers.The OCP compositions in the PUF and tree bark samples were different.Only the relatively stable OCPs(such as HCB,β-HCH and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethylene(DDE))were consistent in the PUF and tree bark samples. 相似文献
38.
大气环境中气相和颗粒相上酞酸酯的分析 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15
本文选用聚氨基甲酸酯泡沫塑料(PUFP)吸附块和玻璃纤维摅膜(GF)构成大气全态采样头,捕集大气中气相和颗粒相中酞酸酯化合物,样品经提取分离后用气相色谱(GC)进行测定。以呼和浩特市居民区相草原对照区为采样点,分析夏冬雨季大气中酞酸酯(DNBP和DEHP)。结果表明,冬季大气气相中,DNBP和DEHP平均浓度为0.46和1.89μg/m~3,夏季为2.19和1.82μg/m~3;大气颗粒物相,冬季平均为1.34和1.66μg/m~3,夏季为0.51和0.36μg/m~3。夏季大气气相酞酸酯含量高,冬季大气颗粒相酞酸酯含量高。草原对照区大气颗粒物上DNBP和DEHP的平均浓度为0.17和0.14μg/m~3,夏季为0.23和0.10μg/m~3。DNBP和DEHP在大气全态中的总含量冬季和夏季较为接近。 相似文献
39.
40.
Ozone measurements along vertical transects in the Alps 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Herbert Werner Manfred Kirchner Gerhard Welzl Markus Hangartner 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(2):83-87
To investigate the vertical profiles of air pollutants in the boundary layer, aircraft and balloon-born measurements and measurements
using a cable car as an instrument platform have been performed in different parts of the Alps. This on-line monitoring of
atmospheric pollutants requires expensive and sophisticated techniques. In order to control ambient air quality in remote
regions, where no infrastructure like power supply is available, simple instruments are required. The objective of this study,
which was coordinated and evaluated by the GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit was first, to investigate the vertical
distribution of ozone in different parts of the Alps and secondly, in addition to continuous analyser measurements, to test
monitoring by means of two types of passive samplers. The selection of these samplers — one for one week use and another one
for two week application — was based on a passive sampler intercomparison done in a preliminary study one year earlier. 相似文献