空区探测方法优选的ANP模型及其应用

目前矿山空区探测方法众多,但缺乏对其进行优化选择的分析模型。为了提高特定条件下空区探测方法选择的科学性、合理性,采用网络分析法(ANP)将决策问题分解成控制层和网络层。就这些层中的元素而言,用一种标度对人的主观判断进行客观量化后,对其实施定性、定量分析。综合考虑空区探测方法的技术、经济、人机设计及环境指标,构建空区探测方法综合评价体系,确定各判断准则间的相互影响关系,建立空区探测方法优选决策问题的ANP结构,借助Super Deci-sions软件计算参选方法基于各影响因素的综合优先权,从而确定适用于特定条件下的空区探测方法。结果表明,该模型能够随着工作环境的改变而计算影响因素优先权,使空区探测方法根据工作环境的改变而调整。     

Responses of New Zealand forest birds to management of introduced mammals

Over the past 1000 years New Zealand has lost 40–50% of its bird species, and over half of these extinctions are attributable to predation by introduced mammals. Populations of many extant forest bird species continue to be depredated by mammals, especially rats, possums, and mustelids. The management history of New Zealand's forests over the past 50 years presents a unique opportunity because a varied program of mammalian predator control has created a replicated management experiment. We conducted a meta-analysis of population-level responses of forest birds to different levels of mammal control recorded across New Zealand. We collected data from 32 uniquely treated sites and 20 extant bird species representing a total of 247 population responses to 3 intensities of invasive mammal control (zero, low, and high). The treatments varied from eradication of invasive mammals via ground-based techniques to periodic suppression of mammals via aerially sown toxin. We modeled population-level responses of birds according to key life history attributes to determine the biological processes that influence species’ responses to management. Large endemic species, such as the Kaka (Nestor meridionalis) and New Zealand Pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae), responded positively at the population level to mammal control in 61 of 77 cases for species ≥20 g compared with 31 positive responses from 78 cases for species <20 g. The Fantail (Rhipidura fuliginosa) and Grey Warbler (Gerygone igata), both shallow endemic species, and 4 nonendemic species (Blackbird [Turdus merula], Chaffinch [Fringilla coelebs], Dunnock [Prunella modularis], and Silvereye [Zosterops lateralis]) that arrived in New Zealand in the last 200 years tended to have slight negative or neutral responses to mammal control (59 of 77 cases). Our results suggest that large, deeply endemic forest birds, especially cavity nesters, are most at risk of further decline in the absence of mammal control and, conversely suggest that 6 species apparently tolerate the presence of invasive mammals and may be sensitive to competition from larger endemic birds.     

共振腔消声器的设计与应用

以实例介绍共振腔消声器的消声机理、参数选定、结构及性能特点     

基于风洞实验的冷却塔空腔区范围影响因素研究

目的基于火电厂采用"烟塔合一"排烟方式时可能由于污染物下洗造成"空腔区"内地面高浓度等问题,分析空腔区范围,以科学设置环境防护距离。方法采用相似理论,将10个"烟塔合一"火电厂及地形按几何比缩小至风洞实验室内,通过测量冷却塔后方湍流度,并对比背景湍流度的方法,分析不同冷却塔形状以及不同下垫面条件下冷却塔空腔区的尺寸。结果空腔区的高度、宽度与冷却塔高宽比存在正相关性,山地地形更有利于湍涡耗散,而使空腔区范围较平坦地形更小,厂区内大型建筑物位置会对冷却塔空腔区的范围产生影响。试验分析得出,冷却塔空腔区范围基本在冷却塔高度的2倍以内,高宽比越大,则空腔区范围越小,地形越复杂,空腔区范围越小。结论火电厂采用"烟塔合一"排烟方式时,建议优先选择高宽比大的塔型,以降低排烟冷却塔对周围环境影响的可能性。     

隧道衬砌空洞积水的探地雷达识别研究

衬砌空洞是运营隧道中的常见病害,由于其内部介质复杂,尤其当积水存在时,探地雷达(GPR)识别存在较大难度和误差。针对空洞积水的情况,利用MATLAB编程,建立空洞和不同电导率的空洞积水数值模型,用时域有限差分法(FDTD)进行探地雷达二维正演模拟,通过分析正演图谱和单道波形,得出空洞及积水的响应规律。制作隧道衬砌混凝土模型,应用探地雷达扫描测试,并与正演模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,雷达正演与模型试验结果相似;未积水的空洞反射波相位与入射波相反;空洞积水的雷达信号反射更明显,其反射波相位与入射波相同;电磁波在水介质中迅速衰减,空洞积水时,其大小难以定量识别。     

A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Influence of Solar-Induced Wall-Heating on the Flow Regime within a Simulated Urban Street Canyon

A wind tunnel study has been undertaken to assess theinfluence of solar-induced wall heating on the airflowpattern within a street canyon under low-speed windconditions. This flow is normally dominated by large-scalevortical motion, such that the wind moves downwards at thedownstream wall. In the present work the aim has been toexamine whether the buoyancy forces generated at this wallby solar-induced heating are of sufficient strength tooppose the downward inertial forces and, thereby, changethe canyon flow pattern. Such changes will also influencethe dispersion of pollutants within the street. In theexperiments the windward-facing wall of a canyon has beenuniformly heated to simulate the effect of solar radiation.Four different test cases, representing different degreesof buoyancy (defined by a test Froude number, Fr), havebeen examined using a simple, 2-D, square-section canyonmodel in a wind tunnel. For reference purposes, the neutralcase (no wall heating), has also been studied. The approachflow boundary layer conditions have been well defined, withthe wind normal to the main canyon axis, and measurementshave been taken of canyon wall and air temperatures andprofiles of mean velocities and turbulence intensities.Analysis of the results shows clear differences in the flowpatterns. As Fr decreases from the neutral case there arereductions of up to 50% in the magnitudes of the reverseflow velocities near the ground and in the upward motionnear the upstream wall. A marked transition occurs at Fr 1, where the single dominant vortex, existing at higher Fr values, weakens and moves upwards whilst a lower region of relatively stagnant flow appears. This transition hadpreviously been observed in numerical model predictions butat a Fr at least an order of magnitude higher.     

设备动态风险评估与预测研究

工业系统运行中的设备,受系统状态和设备工况的影响,其失效风险具有动态属性。因此,在认识设备失效风险的可能性和严重性的同时,还必须认识和研究设备在系统寿命周期内失效风险的动态属性。设备失效的动态风险因素可以归纳为设备自身失效率变化、设备外部载荷变化、系统结构变化以及功能变化引起的失效后果严重度变化,依此提出了动态风险模型。利用该模型对江苏某储气库水溶造腔系统进行实证研究,获得注水泵失效动态风险图,明确了造腔初期、中后期和注气排卤三个典型阶段的注水泵失效风险波动状况以及波动原因。实证研究说明,运用该分析模型可以推断系统运行周期内设备失效风险的变化状态和趋势,从而适时、有效地控制风险。     

光腔衰荡光谱法走航连续观测海表大气中CH4

以基于高精度光腔衰荡光谱法(Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy,CRDS)的Picarro G2301型分析仪为核心,自主设计、组装,建立了适用于船载走航连续观测大气CH4的系统.采用可溯源至世界气象组织全球大气观测网(WMO-GAW)的标准气序列开展多次测试,并建立了外标法线性校正方程.测试表明,该系统对CH4响应精密度优于0.5 ×l0-9,准确度优于0.1％,5个月内漂移小于0.3 ×l0-9.同时,结合船载走航连续观测的特点,优化建立了观测数据处理与质量控制方法,以保证所获数据的高质量和国际可比性.分别于2011年7月和2012年5月,率先在北黄海及渤海海峡区域开展了海表大气CH4的走航连续观测.实践证明,该系统操作简便,运行稳定,适用于船载走航连续海表大气CH4的研究,可获取高精度高时空分辨的观测数据.其中,2011年7月观测到的CH4浓度范围为1823.8×10-9～2020.7×10-9,2012年5月为1887.2×10-9～ 2136.2×10-9,均呈渤海海峡区域浓度高,北黄海中部区域浓度低的分布特征.     

空腔及其耦合水袋抑制瓦斯爆炸实验研究

为探索一种新型瓦斯抑爆技术,设计宽径比分别为1.5,2.5,4的矩形空腔体,并基于自行搭建的长36 m,管径为200 mm的大型瓦斯爆炸实验系统,通过在管网中铺设不同宽径比空腔体结构开展抑爆实验。此外依托支护简单的宽径比为2.5的空腔体,在腔体内填充不同质量水袋开展实验,以期进一步提高空腔体抑爆性能。结果表明:对于长径比为2.5、高径比为1的空腔体在实验宽径比范围内均能在一定程度上抑制瓦斯爆炸强度;随着腔体宽径比的增加,截面面积变化率增大,火焰及冲击波超压峰值衰减幅度越大,抑爆效果越佳;空腔耦合抑爆剂水能提高腔体的抑爆效果,在实验范围内较纯空腔可使火焰抑制率最大提高70%,超压峰值抑制率最大提高263%。     

Steam cavity and explosion intensity of molten copper column interaction with water

The steam explosion is one of the most serious accidents in the metallurgical industry. In this paper, an experimental study on the interaction of molten copper column with cooling water was carried out using high-speed camera and transient pressure measurement system. The effects of temperature, falling height, diameter and mass of molten copper column on the interaction were investigated. The steam cavity phenomenon was observed in the interaction and the percentage of steam cavity volume affects the probability of fragmentation of molten copper column. The maximum percentage of steam cavity volume increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of temperature and falling height. It increases with the increase of diameter of molten copper column, but the mass has a weak effect. The pressure wave generated by the interaction of molten copper column with cooling water gradually increases with an increase in the temperature of molten copper column. The energy conversion rate in the interaction of molten copper column with cooling water was calculated. The rate of energy conversion from the thermal energy of molten copper column to the energy of pressure wave is low because most of the thermal energy is dissipated into the cooling water by heat transfer.