Application of Fair Trade certification for wild plants: lessons from a FairWild project in India

Based on a study of an experimental wild plant certification project implemented within a tribal community in India, this paper explores how wild plant collectors respond to two contradictory objectives of certification, namely, conserving a targeted plant species while promoting its sale. By providing economic incentives through certification, the project aimed to induce a shift from the collection of immature berries to mature berries from a targeted tree species. However, the majority of the collectors increased their harvests of mature berries while continuing to collect the same quantities of immature berries. This unanticipated project outcome can be attributed to the unique nature of wild plants as an uncertain income source that requires no investment. Evidently, collectors have developed their own concepts of ecological and economic sustainability derived from this unique income source endowed by nature, and have incorporated the new economic opportunity into their own natural resource management strategies.     

Competency requirements for process hazard analysis (PHA) teams

Process hazard analysis (PHA) is a cornerstone of process safety management programs. The quality of the PHA performed directly affects the level of risk tolerated for a process. The lower the quality of a PHA, the more likely higher risk will be tolerated. There are few requirements for PHA team members in the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration's process safety management regulations. More detailed requirements for participation in a PHA are desirable.A competency management program should be used to ensure PHA practitioners and teams are appropriately qualified. Criteria for selecting PHA team leaders, or facilitators, and other team members are key to such a program and are described in this paper. The criteria cover both technical and personal attributes. Application of the criteria is described and team performance metrics, which can be used to correlate performance with the assessment of competency to validate the criteria and methods used, are discussed.Owing to the importance of the role played by team leaders, certification of their competency is desirable. Criteria for certification are described and their application is discussed.     

CQC 3114-2015标准与CQC 3114-2009标准的主要差异

面对计算机行业的飞速发展,产品生产企业在不断创新技术的同时,也需要持续了解国家对产品节能认证及测试的最新标准,已满足产品节能的新要求。本文简述新旧版计算机节能认证技术规范的主要差异,运用实例比对阐述标准的使用,帮助企业更好的理解新版标准的实施。     

Can’t See the (Bamboo) Forest for the Trees: Examining Bamboo’s Fit Within International Forestry Institutions

Over the centuries, governments and international agencies have developed a wide range of institutions to manage timber resources and conserve values provided by treed lands. Concerns regarding the sustainable supply of timber have provided opportunities for the development of substitute resources; however, bamboo and other non-timber forest resources have not been a part of the development of these institutions. Bamboo is a unique Non-Timber Forest Product, as it is often classified as forest or timber, and therefore must adhere to the same regulations as timber. Given the recent global expansion of bamboo, it is timely to examine the interplay between bamboo and the traditional institutions of forest governance. This paper aims to contribute to debates regarding cognitive institutional constraints on the development of substitute natural resources using bamboo as a case study, with specific focus on the applicability of Forest Stewardship Council certification, timber legality verification and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation to bamboos.     

基于SWOT分析的我国环境统计持证上岗制度发展对策

我国环境统计数据质量不高、质量保障体系缺乏、数据综合分析不足等问题都与环境统计人才队伍的规模、稳定性和综合素质密切相关。文章从环境统计持证上岗制度内部条件的规范化管理,到外部环境制度的推行等方面进行了SWOT分析。制定了以加强环境统计岗位管理、设置获取证书的缓冲期限、建立激励配套机制和完善培训考核机制4条途径为核心的环境统计持证上岗制度综合发展策略,对提高环境统计人员的综合素质,实现环境统计体系的制度化和规范化均具有良好的促进作用。     

汽车灯具检测常见问题分析

随着汽车工业的飞速发展,汽车车灯照明效果的检测越来越被加以重视。本文主要介绍了汽车灯具测试中的若干注意事项,并对汽车灯具认证中容易出现的不合格项目进行了分析,在汽车灯具检测领域中具有一定的参考价值。     

通过可持续认证推动农林牧渔领域自然资源保护

1992年里约环境发展大会后可持续发展成为各国和各界的共识,但经历了二十年的发展,自然资源保护与可持续发展之间的矛盾仍然存在,特别是农林牧渔等领域自然资源的合理开发利用仍待进一步发展。我国作为国际农林牧渔产品的重要消费国和贸易国,在积极推动国内资源的可持续利用同时,也可以通过国际贸易在全球自然资源可持续利用中发挥积极作用。可持续认证作为应对资源保护与经济发展这一矛盾的较为有效的市场手段,经过近二十年的发展已经涵盖了农林牧渔领域的多个产品,在国际上的发展势头强劲,对于自然资源的保护和可持续利用发挥了对政府政策的补充作用。但可持续性认证在我国国内的企业和消费者中还没有得到广泛认识,其通过市场机制引导企业实践可持续经营、落实企业社会责任的作用在国内还没有得到有效的发挥。因此,本研究的目的是通过对可持续认证的分析,为在我国农林牧渔领域更好地发挥其市场推动力提出政策建议。本研究首先综述了可持续认证在国际上的发展历程、产生的影响,详细论述了森林、棕榈油、野生海产品等可持续认证已经在全球贸易中占有一席之地,并在欧美等较发达国家和地区获得了消费者的支持;其次,本研究对可持续认证在农林牧渔领域的进一步发展所面临的挑战进行了剖析,肯定了可持续认证在调动企业和消费者的积极性、推动农林牧渔领域资源保护方面的正面作用,也指出认证对资源保护的预期效果没有完全达到、同一产业内认证体系可靠性参差不齐,着重强调了可持续认证在发展中国家的发展面临的困难,使其对自然资源保护的应有效果受到影响。在此基础上,本研究分析了我国农林牧渔领域在资源利用方面面临的国际和国内压力,尤其是我国在国际贸易中举足轻重的地位和进口大宗产品产地的生态脆弱性使中国在全球资源的可持续利用和保护中可以发挥重要作用,论证了可持续认证在我国的推广有利于提升中国企业的国际形象、促进贸易杠杆发挥资源保护的撬动作用、保障企业在海外开发中的长期效益,同时也有利于我国国内自然资源的可持续利用,明确得出在我国农林牧渔领域推动可持续认证的必要性。本研究建议我国政府部门应关注农林牧渔领域可持续认证在国际和国内的发展,收集相关的信息和案例可用于相关的国际谈判和对企业的指导。同时政府应鼓励国内外认证体系在中国开展认证工作,并为同一产业中的不同体系创造公平的竞争环境。另外,政府应积极支持国内农林牧渔产业的企业、专家、协会等参与到国际认证体系的建立过程中,将中国可持续发展的良好操作范例或规范国际化。政府自身的消费行为对全社会有明确的引导作用,所以在政府采购中应优选可持续认证产品,引导企业加入可持续经营的实践。     

获取NEBS认证的“3P”阶段

NEBS认证,是电信网络设备进入北美地区电信网络的通行证。本文把获取NEBS认证的全过程划分为三个阶段,即准备阶段、设计阶段和实施阶段,并论述了各阶段的关键要点。首先,在准备阶段对NEBS进行了介绍,简要分析了NEBS认证的主要标准,同时指出运营商的特殊要求的重要性。接着分析了在设计阶段应该注意的技术点,如空间尺寸要求、电源输入、接地、防火、地震等。最后,讨论了认证测试阶段面临的困难,并强调了认证前摸底测试的重要性及必须具备足够的耐心。     

国外Ⅲ型环境标志发展概况

以国外Ⅲ型环境标志的发展为主要研究对象,总结了Ⅲ型环境标志的产生及发展情况。分析了国际上Ⅲ型环境标志发展较为成熟的瑞典、日本、韩国三个国家的Ⅲ型环境标志的发展概况,并总结了对发展Ⅲ型环境标志的经验。     

Measurement Accuracy of the Electrosensitive Protective Device Response Time When Using the Double Penetration Method

The Double Penetration Method (DPM) method of measuring ESPD (Electrosensitive Protective Device) response time was presented by Dzwiarek (1997). Calibrating the measuring equipment is a crucial stage of the procedure. Experimental verification of theoretical predictions is also crucial. For calibration purposes, a device simulating real ESPD operation thus enabling a correct setting of the response time was designed (Dzwiarek, 1997).

Theoretical analysis has shown that measuring ESPD response time with the DPM is subject to localisation errors made in the localisation of the detection zone border, rod position measurement errors made during highspeed penetration, and time delay measurement errors. The values of all those components of the total error have been determined experimentally using the calibrating device. Measurements have been taken under conditions as close to real ones as possible proving that the total measurement error is really enclosed within the assumed limits.