Spray atomization characteristics as a function of pesticide formulations and atomizer design

Abstract

The use of formulation adjuvants to increase the drop size of pesticide sprays has followed a practice which has evolved through many years of experimentation and development. The earliest materials used were simply designed to make the spray mix viscous on the premise that a mayonnaise‐like fluid would produce larger drops and hence increase the deposit efficiency. These viscomer materials, emulsions and water soluble thickeners such as starch and agars, as well as more complex cellulose materials, produced thick non‐Newtonian fluids which were difficult to mix, pump and spray, and provided questionable results. First, the larger drops reduced target coverage from a given volume of spray; and second, field tests with these definitely showed that a large volume of small drops were still being produced even with the thickest of formulations.

The next step in adjuvant evolution was the introduction of polyvinyl, polyacrylamide and polyamide elastomer materials. These polymers are also non‐Newtonian, but due to their peculiar molecular bonding, they have the capability of forming long string‐like streams which when atomized can retract into a spray of large drops. Pure forms of these polymers are blended by commercial producers to enable compatibility with pesticide chemicals. We have conducted a series of laboratory and wind tunnel tests; first, to try and establish some physical parameters identifying their characteristics and second, to determine how these adjuvants affect atomization and the production of small drift‐prone drops (i.e., those smaller than 120 μm in diameter).

Our results with the laboratory studies of physical properties and of the wind tunnel drop size tests have been inconclusive. The elastomer materials have relatively low viscosity (1.5 to 6 mPa.s) and reduced surface tension (50 to 60 mN/m) but our stream‐flow extension tests were non‐productive. The drop size studies comparing water sprays with polymer‐water mixtures gave us a mixed picture. Generally drop size was increased for all of the fan (deflector and milled orifice) and cone type atomizers. But an increase was also indicated of the volume of spray in drops less than 120 μm showing that the polymer did not fully control the production of these small drops under all of the testing procedures we studied.

It is difficult to evaluate the capability of these additives for controlling or reducing production of the drift‐prone small drops. While the pure solutions of the water soluble polymers would appear to be capable of this desirable effect, it is also evident that in order to make these formulations compatible with pesticide spray solutions, several other solvents, emulsifiers and surface active chemicals are added to the formulation, thus affecting the atomization characteristics and hence their drift‐control capability.     

家具企业喷涂过程呼吸防护技术应用研究

随着家具行业持续高速发展和从业人数的不断增加,家具企业职业危害的严峻性也日益突显,职业危害预防、控制也越来越受重视。喷涂作为家具表面处理的重要工艺,其作业过程产生的漆雾和挥发性有机化合物更是直接威胁到职工的健康安全。基于对家具企业喷漆作业场所的有毒、有害因素分析研究的基础上,从个体职业危害防护的角度,提出适用于家具企业喷漆过程的固定式长管呼吸装置防护技术,加强对家具企业职工喷漆作业的劳动保护,实现职业危害的预防控制。     

论饮食业油烟治理技术的发展及应用

实际应用的饮食业油烟净化设备（以下简称油烟净化设备）中，以静电式、机械过滤式、湿式，以及由上述三种技术组成的复合式产品为主。荷电湿式油烟净化器的开发应用，将具有很强的市场竞争力，未来几年，静电式技术将继续被广泛采用，机械式技术将更多地作为预处理手段与其他技术组合使用，湿法技术因兼有部分除味和去除柴油灶燃烧颗粒的功能等特点将更有针对性地应用于适当的场所。优化组合而成的经济高效的复合式技术在未来市场中将占据主导地位。     

两相射流促进细水雾灭火技术发展

压缩气体射流与水射流混合后所产生的气-水两相射流,可获得连续、高速喷射的细水雾,水滴粒径小,穿入火焰的能力强,可沿水平方向射入火焰中,比喷淋方式水雾灭火可节省90%的用水量,缩短了灭火时间,发挥了细水雾的灭火优势,是细水雾灭火技术的最新发展。所制成的便携式、车载式、固定式的两相射流细水雾灭火装置,可扑灭多种类型的火灾,尤其适合用于扑灭有人存在的空间的火灾。以涡喷发动机为喷射动力的气-水两相射流喷射系统,制成了超大功率的喷射雾状水的消防装备,大幅度提高了控制油、气大火火势的能力和灭火效率。气-水两相射流还有稀释、吹散泄漏出的可燃性气体,防止其点燃的功能,适合于在天然气和有毒有害气体泄漏事故抢险救援中使用。将压缩气体和泡沫液按比例混和后喷射的压缩空气泡沫喷射系统,产生了喷射“干泡沫”的消防车,使灭火用水的利用率提高了8倍,被称为是世界最先进的泡沫灭火技术。气-水两相射流促进了灭火技术革命性的发展,新型的气-水两相射流消防装备不断涌现,展示出了广阔的应用前景。     

放电极性对多段冲击式静电除尘器收尘效率的影响

基于对不同极性荷电时多段冲击式静电除尘器的模型实验研究,发现双极交替荷电时该种除尘器比任何单极荷电具有更高的除尘效率。     

Characteristics and potential human health hazards of charged aerosols generated by high-voltage power lines

We investigated the characteristics of charged aerosols produced by high-voltage power lines (HVPLs) to explore the effects on respiratory disease incidence among those who handle HVPLs. Charged aerosol currents and charged aerosol concentrations were measured over 24?h at 12 sites. Aerosol current effective levels were 2.7 times higher compared to exposed and control sites. This pattern of relative enhancement at exposed sites was seen consistently in all measurements and the difference was 1.7 higher at exposed sites. Correlation analysis among all important variables revealed strong positive correlations between currents and concentration, currents and magnetic field, humidity and concentration, and humidity and particles of 10?µm or less (PM₁₀), while negative correlations were observed between charged aerosol concentrations and wind velocity and between wind velocity and humidity. Estimated production of charged aerosols from HVPLs found that people who work with HVPLs are highly likely to be exposed to charged aerosols.     

喷雾增湿设备的数学模拟设计

系统论述了喷雾增湿塔内水滴的运动状态与含尘气体的流动特性,建立了一个能反映喷雾增湿操作过程的数学模型,有助于确定该设备生产操作中的最佳控制参数.     

喷雾干燥吸收去除烟道气中的SO2

本文报道了处理量为2000m~3/的喷雾干燥法烟气脱硫试验的结果。化学计量比、烟气绝热饱和温度值、喷雾轮切向速度等因素,对脱硫的影响很大。试验表明,以石灰为吸收剂,当趋近绝热饱和温度值为24.5℃,化学计量比为1.2—1.8时,吸收塔的脱硫率为66—79％。而烟气中SO_2浓度增大时,脱硫率略有下降。     

Na2CO3喷雾液滴吸收SO2气液两相反应的原位测量

发展湿法烟气脱硫气液两相反应进程的原位在线测量技术有助于研究脱硫反应的传质过程,提高脱硫效率.本文选取双碱法中的Na₂CO₃喷雾液滴吸收SO₂气液两相反应作为测量对象,利用自行研发的紧凑型彩虹折射仪搭建了全场彩虹测量系统,测量了喷雾液滴的折射率,通过反应过程中雾滴折射率的变化表征Na₂CO₃喷雾液滴吸收SO₂气液两相反应的进程.结果表明,随着Na₂CO₃喷雾液滴吸收SO₂气液两相反应的进行,喷雾液滴中的溶质Na₂CO₃逐渐转变成Na₂SO₃,液滴的折射率逐渐增大.依据Na₂CO₃的转化比例随液滴折射率的线性变化,推算出测量段内Na₂CO₃消耗量约为62.1%,进而计算出Na₂CO₃喷雾液滴吸收SO₂气液两相反应速率为8.8×10^-6kmol/（m²·s）.     

喷雾降尘效率及喷雾参数匹配研究

采用压力型雾化喷嘴沉降煤矿粉尘简单实用。为了更好地利用喷雾技术高效沉降作业场所的粉尘,采用理论分析的方法得到水雾粒度与水压力之间的关系曲线,进一步得到喷雾降尘效率与水压力之间的关系曲线,并在煤矿井下进行试验验证。从而得出高效沉降粉尘应该用小口径喷嘴和较高的喷雾压力,但应限制在10MPa以下,超过该限值,降尘率提高甚微。2MPa以下的喷雾压力,降尘效率超不过50%,对水资源是一种浪费。当限定喷雾系统的水量消耗时,应采取减小喷嘴口径或减少喷嘴数量的方法获得较高的喷雾压力,从而获得较高的降尘效率。