Nitrogen removal from coal gasification wastewater by activated carbon technologies combined with short-cut nitrogen removal process

A system combining granular activated carbon and powdered activated carbon technologies along with shortcut biological nitrogen removal （GAC-PACT-SBNR） was developed to enhance total nitrogen （TN） removal for anaerobically treated coal gasification wastewater with less need for external carbon resources. The TN removal efficiency in SBNR was significantly improved by introducing the effluent from the GAC process into SBNR during the anoxic stage, with removal percentage increasing from 43.8%49.6% to 68.8%-75.8%. However, the TN removal rate decreased with the progressive deterioration of GAC adsorption. After adding activated sludge to the GAG compartment, the granular carbon had a longer service-life and the demand for external carbon resources became lower. Eventually, the TN removal rate in SBNR was almost constant at approx. 43.3%, as compared to approx. 20.0% before seeding with sludge. In addition, the production of some alkalinity during the denitrification resulted in a net savings in alkalinity requirements for the nitrification reaction and refractory chemical oxygen demand （COD） degradation by autotrophic bacteria in SBNR under oxic conditions. PACT showed excellent resilience to increasing organic loadings. The microbial community analysis revealed that the PACT had a greater variety of bacterial taxons and the dominant species associated with the three compartments were in good agreement with the removal of typical pollutants. The study demonstrated that pre-adsorption by the GAC-sludge process could be a technically and economically feasible method to enhance TN removal in coal gasification wastewater （CGW）.     

低强度超声波对低温下污水生物处理的强化效果及工艺设计

为了研究低温条件下超声波对污水生物处理的强化效果,采用强度0.3 W·cm-2的超声波对好氧活性污泥进行10 min的辐射处理,然后在4℃条件下进行模拟SBR(sequencing batch reactor)反应.以耗氧呼吸速率(oxygen uptake rate,OUR)、脱氢酶活性(dehydrogenase activity,DHA)和COD为指标,研究了低温条件下超声波对污泥生物活性以及有机物去除效果的改善.结果表明,低温条件下,经超声波处理后污泥活性可提高30%,COD的去除率也可保持常温水平.通过比较可以看出,低温条件下超声波的强化效果较常温条件下更为明显.本研究还以典型的城市二级处理污水处理厂和采用SBR工艺的污水处理厂为例,对低强度超声波在污水处理工艺中的设计和操作进行了说明.     

模拟烟气中NO、NO_x的微生物净化效率强化研究

NO的脱除效率已成为微生物净化燃煤烟气NOx双塔流程的瓶颈。为了提高微生物净化烟气中NO、NOx的效率,分别研究了脱硫塔添加Fe SO4·7H2O、脱氮塔添加Na NO2对微生物净化模拟烟气中NO、NOx效率的影响作用。结果表明:脱硫塔添加0.23 g/L Fe SO4·7H2O,其NO平均脱除率为61.04%,比空白试验的35.31%提高明显;脱硫塔NOx平均脱除率为62.16%,比空白试验的31.10%提高约1倍;双塔NOx平均总脱除率从空白试验的61.8%增至86.9%。浓度梯度试验结果表明:0.23 g/L Fe SO4·7H2O是脱硫塔内较为合适的添加浓度。脱氮塔添加0.50 g/L Na NO2后,脱氮塔NO平均脱除率从空白试验的39.92%提高到52.11%;脱氮塔NOx平均脱除率从空白试验的47.67%增至58.90%;双塔NOx平均总脱除率从空白试验的70.75%增至79.32%。反复多次验证试验均证明:Fe SO4·7H2O和Na NO2的分别添加的确大幅度地强化了烟气中NO、NOx的微生物净化效率。     

螯合型表面活性剂对Pb-Zn复合污染土壤的洗脱效果

为了探究螯合型表面活性剂对重金属污染土壤的洗脱效果,通过室内模拟试验,采用振荡洗脱法研究了新型螯合型表面活性剂LED3A(N-十二酰基乙二胺三乙酸钠盐)对Pb-Zn复合污染土壤的洗脱作用,并重点分析了洗脱时间、ρ(LED3A)、洗脱温度等因素对洗脱效果的影响. 结果表明:室温下LED3A洗脱Pb-Zn复合污染土壤的最佳质量浓度为7.0 g/L、洗脱时间为7.0 h. 洗脱平衡时间随ρ(LED3A)的增加而缩短,洗脱过程符合准二级动力学模型;孔隙扩散为LED3A对Pb和Zn洗脱速率的控制过程,但内扩散并非唯一的洗脱速率控制机制. 等温平衡洗脱试验结果显示,洗脱温度升高有利于LED3A配位污染土壤中的Pb和Zn,LED3A对重金属的洗脱过程为吸热过程. Pb、Zn的BCR形态分级结果显示,LED3A对酸可提取态Pb、Zn的去除率最大,分别达到79.87%、72.51%;氧化物结合态、有机结合态、残余态Pb的去除率分别为31.82%、18.83%、2.30%,相应形态Zn的去除率分别为21.81%、17.60%、26.22%;对比洗脱前、后土壤中重金属的形态分布可知,最易释放和被生物利用的酸可提取态Pb和Zn的质量分数所占比例明显降低,不易或不能被生物利用的氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残余态Pb和Zn的质量分数所占比例明显增加. 研究显示,LED3A洗脱不仅能够去除污染土壤中一定量的重金属,同时可降低污染土壤中重金属对环境的潜在危害,而且不会产生二次污染.      

火炮机械系统可靠性强化试验方案探讨

目的尝试将可靠性强化试验理论引入其可靠性研究中,提高火炮机械系统的可靠性。方法首先分析可靠性强化试验的发展动态及其应用于机械系统的必要性,而后在对其理论依据进行分析的基础上,明确火炮机械系统可靠性强化试验研究的目的。结果依据火炮机械系统的主要失效模式,制定了包含机械工作原理分析等7个步骤的可靠性强化试验方案,详细分析了各环节的内容及作用。结论研究结果为可靠性强化试验在火炮机械系统中的应用提供一定理论支撑。     

Characterization of metal doped-titanium dioxide and behaviors on photocatalytic oxidation of nitrogen oxides

A series of nanosized ion-doped TiO_2 catalysts with different ion content(between 0.1 at.% and 1.0 at.%) have been prepared by wet impregnation method and investigated with respect to their behavior for UV photocatalytic oxidation of nitric oxide.The catalytic activity was correlated with structural,electronic and surface examinations of the catalysts using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD),ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)absorption spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),energy disperse spectrometer (EDS)and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques.An enhancement of the photocatalytic activity was observed for Zn~(2 ) doping catalyst ranged from 0.1 at.% to 1.0 at.% which was attributed to the lengthened lifetime of electrons and holes.The improvement in photocatalytic activity could be also observed with the low doping concentration of Cr~(3 )(0.1 at.%). However,the doping of Fe~(3 ),Mo~(6 ),Mn~(2 ) and the high doping concentration of Cr~(3 ) had no contribution to photocatalytic activity of nitric oxide.     

螯合电镀污泥的基本理化特性及燃烧特性

在研究某园区螯合电镀污泥基本理化特性的基础上,针对其含有一定量的有机物及高金属含量的特点,利用红外-热联用技术(TGFTIR)对污泥在空气气氛下的燃烧特性和燃烧过程释放的气体组成进行了研究.结果表明,污泥中的有机物在空气中的燃烧经过4个阶段,其中,有机物的热解、燃烧发生在230~431.01℃范围的第2和第3阶段;燃烧过程会释放CO2、水蒸气和微量NH3、SO2,燃烧温度和控氧量决定释放气体的组成;另外,燃烧过程存在重金属的挥发,可采用有机高分子重金属捕集剂的碱性水溶液喷淋烟气,捕集挥发出的金属,净化焚烧过程释放的酸性气体.考虑到污泥中有机质的充分燃烧、金属铬、铁和铝等金属氢氧化物的分解及部分金属的挥发,污泥焚烧温度应控制在450~500℃左右.研究结果可为此类污泥焚烧热处理提供理论和技术支持.     

用螯合树脂研究光解作用对水中铝形态的影响

本文对用螯合树脂分离水中无机铝和有机铝的方法、螯合树脂的制备及其对无机铝的交换进行了探讨。结果表明,水体中的有机铝在紫外光照射下能分解为无机铝,其分解速度随光照时间的增加而增加。由于无机单聚体铝对鱼类有致毒作用,因此,光解作用的结果使水体中铝的毒性增加。     

叶酸对厌氧氨氧化细菌脱氮性能的影响研究

考察了叶酸对厌氧氨氧化细菌对污水脱氮性能的影响,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、血红素及细胞合成等方面进行了机理分析.结果表明,在叶酸添加量分别为0.5、1.0和1.5 mg·L^-1时,均可提高厌氧氨氧化细菌的污水脱氮性能,且当叶酸浓度为1.5 mg·L^-1时,脱氮性能最好.与对照组相比,在1.5 mg·L^-1的叶酸添加量时,总氮去除率（TNRR）提高到45.3 mg·g^-1·d^-1,增加了32.1%;总EPS提高到175.9 mg·g^-1,增加了66.6%;血红素含量提高到2.35 mg·g^-1,增加了26.4%;厌氧氨氧化细菌功能基因总拷贝数提高到（2.87×10⁸±1.79×10⁷）copies·g^-1,增加了11.1%.经叶酸刺激培养后,污泥系统中的浮霉菌门相对丰度增加了3.5%,系统中占主导地位的厌氧氨氧化细菌为Candidatus Brocadia.     

重金属螯合剂处理焚烧飞灰的稳定化技术研究

进行了垃圾焚烧飞灰的新型稳定化药剂－－重金属螯合剂的实验室研究,探讨了本螯合剂处理焚烧飞灰的稳定化工艺流程及处理效果。结果表明,本螯合剂夺悄灰中重金属的总捕集效率高达９７％以上,其效果显著优于无机稳定化药剂Ｎａ２Ｓ和石灰,且处理后的飞灰能达到重金属废物的填埋控制标准,同时,其处理后的飞灰的最大浸出量远低于无机稳定化药剂处理后的飞灰,且能在较宽的ｐＨ范围内都具有好的稳定化效果,减少了稳定化产物在环境