During acute oral intoxication by cadmium compounds, gastrointestinal epithelial damage contributes to immediate toxicity. However, secondary systemic toxicity may develop due to intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review presents an evaluation of the effects of chelators on the acute toxicity of cadmium after parenteral or oral exposure and on the intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review shows:
Chelating agents may affect the acute toxicity of cadmium in a variety of ways depending on the exposure route for cadmium and administration route for the chelator.
With regard to survival, systemic toxicity of absorbed cadmium is of major importance, as intraperitoneal administration of chelators could eliminate or reduce mortality due to orally administered cadmium chloride.
Lipophilicity of chelators and their cadmium complexes may result in extensively augmented intestinal uptake. However, hydrophilic chelators may efficiently reduce the intestinal cadmium uptake.
For hydrophilic chelators, the stability of the cadmium complex is an important determining factor of efficacy.
The optimal oral antidote towards orally administered cadmium are the BAL analogs, especially DMSA, while the optimal intraperitoneal antidotes towards orally or intraperitoneally administered cadmium are the higher members of the polyaminopolycarboxylate family, especially TTHA.
When administered simultaneously (DMSA orally and TTHA intraperitoneally), these chelators synergistically reduce the whole‐body retention of cadmium.
In conclusion, chelation treatment in acute oral cadmium intoxication should first prevent/reduce intestinal damage and uptake by rapid oral administration of a chelating antidote and then alleviate systemic toxicity due to absorbed cadmium and enhance renal/biliary cadmium excretion by parenteral administration of a chelating antidote. 相似文献
NO的脱除效率已成为微生物净化燃煤烟气NOx双塔流程的瓶颈。为了提高微生物净化烟气中NO、NOx的效率,分别研究了脱硫塔添加Fe SO4·7H2O、脱氮塔添加Na NO2对微生物净化模拟烟气中NO、NOx效率的影响作用。结果表明:脱硫塔添加0.23 g/L Fe SO4·7H2O,其NO平均脱除率为61.04%,比空白试验的35.31%提高明显;脱硫塔NOx平均脱除率为62.16%,比空白试验的31.10%提高约1倍;双塔NOx平均总脱除率从空白试验的61.8%增至86.9%。浓度梯度试验结果表明:0.23 g/L Fe SO4·7H2O是脱硫塔内较为合适的添加浓度。脱氮塔添加0.50 g/L Na NO2后,脱氮塔NO平均脱除率从空白试验的39.92%提高到52.11%;脱氮塔NOx平均脱除率从空白试验的47.67%增至58.90%;双塔NOx平均总脱除率从空白试验的70.75%增至79.32%。反复多次验证试验均证明:Fe SO4·7H2O和Na NO2的分别添加的确大幅度地强化了烟气中NO、NOx的微生物净化效率。 相似文献