光和微生物降解对芦苇落叶溶解有机物与铅相互作用的影响

溶解有机物（DOM）是决定水环境中铅（Pb）的形态、环境行为和生态风险的重要因子.然而,落叶DOM与Pb（II）络合作用的调控机制尚不清楚.光和微生物降解是调控DOM含量、组成与活性的两个关键过程.本研究运用降解培养实验、光谱学表征和荧光猝灭滴定,考察光和微生物降解单独作用和共同作用对芦苇落叶DOM的改造及其对DOM与Pb（II）相互作用的影响.激发-发射三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析共识别出4个类腐殖质组分（C1~C4）和1个类蛋白质组分（C5）.类腐殖质组分更容易被光降解,类蛋白质组分则被微生物优先利用,光降解在短期的光-微生物降解过程中起主导作用.对于原始落叶DOM,Pb（II）主要与类腐殖质组分C1、C2和C4络合,C3组分只在光-微生物降解后的样品呈现显著荧光猝灭,类蛋白质组分C5在光和光-微生物降解后开始参与络合.类腐殖质C1与Pb（II）络合的条件稳定常数logK_M在光降解后升高而在光-微生物降解后下降,C2和C4的logK_M值经过各降解过程后均升高.降解后这3个组分参与络合的比例f和络合容量F_max·f均显著降低,且光降解的影响显著高于微生物降解.这些结果表明,光降解和微生物降解对DOM丰度、组成和结构的改造将显著影响其与金属离子的络合稳定性和络合容量.     

Redistribution of zinc, cadmium, and lead among soil fractions in a sandy calcareous soil due to application of poultry litter

This study was conducted to evaluate, using soil columns, the mobilization and redistribution of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, and Pb) among different soil fractions by soluble organic ligands within poultry litter. Uncontaminated soil was amended with Zn, Cd, and Pb to achieve concentration levels of 400, 8, and 200 mg kg⁻¹ soil, respectively. Columns repacked with this amended soil were leached with distilled water, 0.01 M EDTA, 0.01 M CaCl₂, or poultry litter extract (PLE) solutions. After leaching, the soil samples in the columns were sequentially extracted for exchangeable (EXC), carbonate (CARB) organic matter (OM), Mn oxide (MNO), Fe oxide (FEO), and residual (RES) fractions. Considerable mobilization of Zn, Cd, and Pb occurred in soil during EDTA leaching. Leaching with PLE and CaCl₂ solutions significantly decreased Zn and Cd concentrations in the EXC, CARB, and OM fractions. These solutions significantly decreased Pb concentration in the EXC fraction, while PLE solubilized more Pb from EXC fraction than CaCl₂. Thus, the applied poultry litter may change Zn, Cd, and Pb fractions in metal-amended soil and possibly enhance metal mobility.     

Microscale Spatial Variation in Forest Litter Phytotoxicity

The spatial variation (within a 100 × 100 m plot) in the pollution of forest litter with heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn), its acidity, and phytotoxicity (measured by the results of the root test using seedlings from a genetically homogeneous sample of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) have been estimated. Forest litter has been sampled in three zones differing in the toxic impact of long-term polymetal pollution by emissions from a copper-smelting plant emissions in the Middle Urals. The phytotoxicity variation is maximum in a moderately polluted plot, where both very high and very low pollution levels were observed, which determines a substantially nonlinear dose–effect relationship. The litter phytotoxicity is mainly accounted for by exchangeable forms of metals. Biological testing of samples from the most polluted plot has demonstrated marked antagonism between heavy metals and acidity.     

三峡库区城市富营养化河流凋落物的混合分解效应

以三峡库区重庆市主城段清水溪为典型的城市富营养化河流代表,选取河岸带3种常见凋落叶为分解对象,设计了7种凋落物组合（3个单种和4个混合物种）和3种孔径的分解袋（50μm、250μm和2mm）,开展原位实验,探讨混合凋落物的性状、功能多样性与底栖分解者类群及其交互作用对叶片质量损失和混合效应的影响.结果表明,仅有50%的处理表现为显著非加和效应（且均为负值）,这与凋落物的性状密切相关.随着混合凋落物功能离散度的增加,尤其组合中含高木质素等难分解物质的凋落物时,分解变慢.微生物在富营养化河流混合凋落物的分解中占主导作用,小型和大型底栖动物均抑制了混合凋落物的分解过程.在富营养化河流的修复过程中,需重视河流凋落物分解功能,注重调整河岸带植物的配置,以及提升底栖动物的生物多样性并恢复底栖动物在凋落物分解中的正面效应.     

凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的变化特征及其影响因素

地表凋落物呼吸是土壤呼吸的一个重要组成部分,研究凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的变化特征及其影响因素对准确理解地区的土壤碳循环具有重要意义.本研究在黄土高原南部的一个典型人工刺槐林内(Robinia pseudoacacia L.),通过地表凋落物控制试验(对照处理,去除凋落物处理、倍增凋落物处理),研究凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的年际(2009~2013年)变化特征及其驱动因素.凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的年际差异显著(P0.05):在对照处理下,其最小值为4.15,最大值为6.67,均值为5.10,变异系数为19%;在倍增凋落物处理下,其变化于1.17~6.52之间,均值为3.36,变异系数高达56%.凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的年际变异与年平均土壤水分、地表凋落物量以及二者的交互作用密切相关(P0.01),同时对凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的贡献呈现出土壤水分大于地表凋落物量的趋势(对照处理:2.68和2.04;倍增凋落物处理:1.37和0.69).此外,地表凋落物倍增后,凋落物呼吸温度敏感性却减少了34%(3.36和5.10).同时,在对照处理下,大约有超过50%的地表凋落物碳滞留在该刺槐林生态系统中[215 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)和113 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)],但在倍增处理下,仅有24%的地表凋落物碳滞留在该林地生态系统中[430 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)和326 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)],即在该人工刺槐林生态系统中地表凋落物的增加未必意味着土壤有机碳储量的增加.因此,探究地表凋落物控制措施、土壤水分、地表凋落物量和凋落物呼吸温度敏感性之间的关系对准确理解地区的土壤碳循环具有重要意义.     

鸡粪热裂解对重金属Mn、Cu、Zn和Cr生物有效性的影响

畜禽粪便直接农用引起的重金属污染是社会普遍关注的问题,探索如何有效降低畜禽粪便重金属生物有效性的技术是急需解决的难题.本文通过分析鸡粪(CM)裂解前后Mn、Cu、Zn和Cr等4种重金属形态分布变化,并采用林地大型盆栽试验研究添加CM和鸡粪炭(CMB)处理对湿地松地上部分重金属吸收状况的影响.结果表明,与CM直接还田相比,添加CMB(400℃)处理降低Mn、Cu和Zn在湿地松地上部分的吸收量和富集系数,而处理之间植株Cr元素的吸收量和富集系数差异不显著. Tessier连续提取结果表明, Mn、Cu和Zn的交换态含量分别由CM的94.8、10.0和34.9 mg·kg~(-1)显著降为CMB的16.6 mg·kg~(-1)、未检测出和1.8 mg·kg~(-1). CM裂解成CMB后, Cr元素残渣态含量显著提高.从元素质量守恒来看, CM制成CMB后Mn、Cu、Zn和Cr损失率分别为29.3%、35.6%、33.5%和3.3%.裂解油中Mn、Cu、Zn和Cr的金属总量分别占CM金属损失量的51.7%、53.0%、32.9%和13.1%. CM裂解成CMB后,91.7%的交换态Mn、几乎100%交换态Cu和97.5%的交换态Zn会随裂解转化为铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态形式或挥发而降低有效性. 1年盆栽试验结果表明,在CMB处理中,土壤Mn、Cu和Zn交换态含量显著低于CM处理.相关性分析发现,植物体内重金属吸收量与土壤金属有效态含量显著相关,而与总量相关性不明显.由此可见,将鸡粪制成鸡粪炭是一种有效降低Mn、Cu和Zn生物有效性的途径.     

豫南山区不同群落类型近地表层持水特性

为了分析不同植物群落在不同生长阶段近地表层的持水能力及其差异特征,该文通过选择豫南山区不同群落不同生长阶段的50个典型样地,对近地表层的地上草和枯落物的有关持水能力指标进行测定分析。结果表明：地上草生物量呈随林龄的增大而减少的趋势,与其持水量之间呈极显著正相关关系（P〈0.01）,其拦蓄能力变化趋势为：草丛〉灌丛〉针叶林（20 a）〉针叶林（45 a）〉针阔混交林（20 a）〉针阔混交林（30 a）〉阔叶林（10 a）〉针阔混交林（50 a）〉阔叶林（20 a）〉阔叶林（30 a）;枯落物最大持水量、有效拦蓄量与现存量间呈正相关关系,其中最大持水量变化趋势为：灌丛〉阔叶林（20 a）〉阔叶林（30 a）〉针阔混交林（30 a）〉针阔混交林（20 a）〉针阔混交林（50 a）〉针叶林（20 a）〉阔叶林（10 a）〉针叶林（45 a）〉草丛。该地区不同群落类型近地表层总持水能力变化趋势为：灌丛〉针叶林〉阔叶林〉针阔混交林〉草丛,这说明应当加大对乔木林分林下植被的保护,以利更好的水土保持效果。     

四姑娘山国家级自然保护区岷江冷杉枯落物及土壤的持水能力研究

通过对四姑娘山国家级自然保护区岷江冷杉林地表土壤和林下枯落物的实验分析,得出四姑娘山自然保护区岷江冷杉林0～40cm深度的土壤层最大贮水量为1694.8 t/hm2,林下枯落物最大持水量为233 t/hm2。四姑娘山自然保护区岷江冷杉林土壤及枯落物持水的最大值为1927.8 t/hm2。     

Challenges to Introducing and Managing Disturbance Regimes for Holocarpha macradenia, an Endangered Annual Grassland Forb

Abstract:  Introducing rare plants to new sites for conservation to offset effects of habitat destruction requires detailed knowledge of habitat requirements, plant demography, and management needs. We conducted a factorial experiment replicated at three coastal prairie sites to test the effects of clipping frequency and litter accumulation on seed germination, seedling survival, reproduction, and seedling recruitment of introduced populations of the endangered, tall-stature, annual forb, Holocarpha macradenia (DC.) E. Greene. Clipping favored H. macradenia , primarily by enhancing seed germination and flower production. Litter accumulation had no effect on seed germination, even after 5 years of treatments. Seedling recruitment was highly site specific with large numbers of recruits recorded at only one of three sites. Although recruitment of seedlings was higher in clipped plots for 2–3 years, by 4–5 years after introduction very few seedlings survived to reproduction in any treatment. We attribute this result to a combination of poor habitat quality, small population size, and lack of a seed bank. We were unsuccessful in introducing this relatively well-studied species of concern to apparently suitable habitat at multiple sites in multiple years, which suggests that translocating rare plant populations to mitigate for habitat destruction is an expensive and highly uncertain endeavor.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in chicken tissues and eggs from an electronic waste recycling area in southeast China

The levels and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken tissues from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area in southeast China were investigated. Human dietary intake by local residents via chicken muscle and eggs was estimated. The mean PBDEs concentrations in tissues ranged from 15.2 to 3138.1 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and in egg the concentration was 563.5 ng/g lw. The results showed that the level of total PBDEs (PPBDEs) in the chicken tissue was 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those reported in the literature. The large di erence of PPBDEs concentrations between tissues confirmed that the distribution of PBDEs in tissues depend on tissue-specificity rather than the “lipid-compartment”. BDE-209 was the predominant congener (82.5%– 94.7% of PPBDEs) in all chicken tissues except in brain (34.7% of PPBDEs), which indicated that deca-BDE (the major commercial PBDE formulation comprising 65%–70% of total production) was major pollution source in this area and could be bioaccumulated in terrestrial animals. The dietary PBDEs intake of the local residents from chicken muscle and egg, assuming only local bred chickens and eggs were consumed, ranged from 2.2 to 22.5 ng/(day kg body weight (bw)) with a mean value of 13.5 ng/(day kg bw), which was one order of magnitude higher than the value reported in previous studies for consumption of all foodstu s.