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71.
Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jaakko Paasivirta Seija Sinkkonen Vladimir Nikiforov Fedor Kryuchkov Erkki Kolehmainen Katri Laihia Arto Valkonen Manu Lahtinen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):191-205
Background, aims, and scope Since toxaphene (polychlorocamphene, polychloropinene, or strobane) mixtures were applied for massive insecticide use in the
1960s to replace the use of DDT, some of their congeners have been found at high latitudes far away from the usage areas.
Especially polychlorinated bornanes have demonstrated dominating congeners transported by air up to the Arctic areas. Environmental
fate modeling has been applied to monitor this phenomenon using parallel zones of atmosphere around the globe as interconnected
environments. These zones, shown in many meteorological maps, however, may not be the best way to configure atmospheric transport
in air trajectories. The latter could also be covered by connecting a chain of simple model boxes. We aim to study this alternative
approach by modeling the trajectory chain using catchment boxes of our FATEMOD model. Polychlorobornanes analyzed in biota
of the Barents Sea offered one case to study this modeling alternative, while toxaphene has been and partly still is used
massively at southern East Europe and around rivers flowing to the Aral Sea.
Materials and methods Pure model substances of three polychlorobornanes (toxaphene congeners P26, P50, and P62) were synthesized, their environmentally
important thermal properties measured by differential scanning calorimetry, as evaluated from literature data, and their temperature
dependences estimated by the QSPR programs VPLEST, WATSOLU, and TDLKOW. The evaluated property parameters were used to model
their atmospheric long-range transport from toxaphene heavy usage areas in Ukraine and Aral/SyrDarja/AmuDarja region areas,
through East Europe and Northern Norway (Finnmarken) to the Barents Sea. The time period used for the emission model was June
1997. Usual weather conditions in June were applied in the model, which was constructed by chaining FATEMOD model boxes of
the catchment’s areas along assumed maximal air flow trajectories. Analysis of the three chlorobornanes in toxaphene mixtures
function as a basis for the estimates of emission levels caused by its usage. High estimate (A) was taken from contents in
a Western product chlorocamphene and low estimate (B) from mean contents in Russian polychloroterpene products to achieve
modeled water concentrations. Bioaccumulation to analyzed lipid of aquatic biota at the target region was estimated by using
statistical calculation for persistent organic pollutants in literature.
Results The results from model runs A and B (high and low emission estimate) for levels in sea biota were compared to analysis results
of samples taken in August 1997 at Barents Sea. The model results (ng g−1 lw): 4–95 in lipid of planktovores and 7–150 in lipid of piscivores, were in fair agreement with the analysis results from
August 1997: 21–31 in Themisto libellula (chatka), 26–42 in Boreocadus saida (Polar cod), and 5–27 in Gadus morhua (cod) liver.
Discussion The modeling results indicate that the application of chained simple multimedia catchment boxes on predicted trajectory is
a useful method for estimation of volatile airborne persistent chemical exposures to biota in remote areas. For hazard assessment
of these pollutants, their properties, especially temperature dependences, must be estimated by a reasonable accuracy. That
can be achieved by using measurements in laboratory with pure model compounds and estimation of properties by thermodynamic
QSPR methods. The property parameters can be validated by comparing their values at an environmental temperature range with
measured or QSPR-estimated values derived by independent methods. The chained box method used for long-range air transport
modeling can be more suitable than global parallel zones modeling used earlier, provided that the main airflow trajectories
and properties of transported pollutants are predictable enough.
Conclusions Long-range air transport modeling of persistent, especially photo-resistant organic compounds using a chain of joint simple
boxes of catchment’s environments is a feasible method to predict concentrations of pollutants at the target area. This is
justified from model results compared with analytical measurements in Barents Sea biota in August 1997: three of six modeled
values were high and the other three low compared to the analysis results. The order of magnitude level was similar in both
modeled (planktovore and piscivore) and observed (chatka and polar cod) values of lipid samples. The obtained results were
too limited to firm validation but are sufficient to justify feasibility of the method, which prompts one to perform more
studies on this modeling system.
Recommendations and perspectives For assessment of the risk of environmental damages, chemical fate determination is an essential tool for chemical control,
e.g., for EU following the REACH rules. The present conclusion of applicability of the chained single-box multimedia modeling
can be validated by further studies using analyses of emissions and target biota in various other cases. To achieve useful
results, fate models built with databases having automatic steps for most calculations and outputs accessible to all chemical
control professionals are essential. Our FATEMOD program catchments at environments and compound properties listed in the
database represent a feasible tool for local, regional, and, according our present test results, for global exposure predictions.
As an extended use of model, emission estimates can be achieved by reversed modeling from analysis results of samples corresponding
to the target area.
This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Alexander B Terentiev (who passed away in November 2006), our true friend.
With his Institute of Organo-Element Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, he was an important main organizer of
the six joint Finnish–Russian seminars (every third year since 1989) on the field (‘Chemistry and Ecology of Organo-Element
Compounds’). He prompted us especially to search properties and environmental fates for various polyhalogen compounds. We
remember him for his friendly character and great sense of humor. 相似文献
72.
车载电子电器设备的温度变化试验 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ISO16750《道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验》系列国家标准转化已进入报批阶段。系列标准的第4部分《气候负荷》引用IEC 60068-2-14规定的试验N:温度变化(GB/T2423.22)中的试验Na:规定转换时间的温度快速变化和试验Nb:按规定温度变化速率的温度变化试验。2009年1月,IEC对60068-2-14进行了技术性改版。将IEC 60068-2-33《温度变化导则》(GB/T2424.13)的内容并入;对试验及温度变化容差的描述和要求、编辑和插图都做了修改和修订。等同采标的GB/T2423.22的改版修订工作已在进行,估计2010年稍晚就可以发布。这里就当前国际标准和将发布等同国标的试验方法对车载电子电器设备的温度变化试验进行描述,同时对试验要素和及其应用要素作一些介绍。ISO16750《道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验》系列国家标准转化已进入报批阶段。系列标准的第4部分《气候负荷》引用IEC 60068-2-14规定的试验N:温度变化(GB/T2423.22)中的试验Na:规定转换时间的温度快速变化和试验Nb:按规定温度变化速率的温度变化试验。2009年1月,IEC对60068-2-14进行了技术性改版。将IEC 60068-2-33《温度变化导则》(GB/T2424.13)的内容并入;对试验及温度变化容差的描述和要求、编辑和插图都做了修改和修订。等同采标的GB/T2423.22的改版修订工作已在进行,估计2010年稍晚就可以发布。这里就当前国际标准和将发布等同国标的试验方法对车载电子电器设备的温度变化试验进行描述,同时对试验要素和及其应用要素作一些介绍。 相似文献
73.
Nina E. Cohen Frans W. A. Brom Elsbeth N. Stassen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(4):341-359
In this paper, we present and defend the theoretical framework of an empirical model to describe people’s fundamental moral
attitudes (FMAs) to animals, the stratification of FMAs in society and the role of FMAs in judgment on the culling of healthy
animals in an animal disease epidemic. We used philosophical animal ethics theories to understand the moral basis of FMA convictions.
Moreover, these theories provide us with a moral language for communication between animal ethics, FMAs, and public debates.
We defend that FMA is a two-layered concept. The first layer consists of deeply felt convictions about animals. The second
layer consists of convictions derived from the first layer to serve as arguments in a debate on animal issues. In a debate,
the latter convictions are variable, depending on the animal issue in a specific context, time, and place. This variability
facilitates finding common ground in an animal issue between actors with opposing convictions. 相似文献
74.
A.J. Wheeler I. Williams R.A. Beaumont R.S. Hamilton 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,65(1-2):69-77
The personal exposure of children aged 9 – 11 years to particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) was carried out between January and September 1997 in the London Borough of Barnet. Personal sampling along with home, garden and classroom microenvironmental monitoring was completed for all ten children. Each child was monitored for five days during winter, spring and summer. All children completed daily time activity diaries to provide information on any potential activities that could influence their exposure to particulate matter. Each evening a household activity questionnaire was also completed by the parents. Personal Environmental Monitors were used to sample personal exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. Harvard Impactors were used for the microenvironmental sampling of both size fractions. The children's mean personal exposure concentrations for PM10 during winter, spring and summer were 72, 54 and 35 µg/m3 respectively and for PM2.5 22, 17 and 18 µg/m3 respectively. In order to determine the potential sources of particulate matter, analysis of the Teflon filters has been undertaken. The physical characteristics of the particles have been identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The relationships between personal exposure concentrations and the different microenvironments will be discussed. 相似文献
75.
学龄儿童肺功能水平影响因素的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用逐步回归分析方法对与室内、外空气污染和机体状况等有关的因素对广州市学龄儿童肺功能 (FVC、FEV1 、PEFR和 FEF2 5~ 75 )水平的影响进行研究。结果提示 ,影响肺功能水平的主要因素是内因 ,身高的影响最明显 ,呼吸系统疾病或症状发生与肺功能水平下降有关 ;室外空气污染使肺功能水平下降 ,SO2 、NOx 和 PM2 .5 的影响明显 ,PM2 .5 的影响明显大于 PM1 0 和 TSP;居室或厨房通风不良、家庭烹饪用不洁燃料对儿童肺功能的生长不利 ;被动吸烟对女性儿童肺功能有不利影响。对各种影响因素 ,PEFR和 FEF2 5~ 75 比 FVC和 FEV1 更为敏感 相似文献
76.
环境空气中VOC s 的监测技术新进展 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
郑小萍 《环境监测管理与技术》2001,13(3):15-17
大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)严重威胁着人类的健康,目前对它的监测技术的研究越来越多.文章综述了近年来国内外在VOCs的采样及测试技术上的进展,重点介绍了固相微萃取、罐取样、吸附法等采样技术以及以气相色谱法为主的分析方法,并对一些非色谱法的分析技术进行了简单介绍. 相似文献
77.
纳氏试剂光度法测定水体中氨氮常见问题与解决办法 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对在实际工作中用纳氏试剂光度法测定水体中氨氮存在的一些问题,在参考相关研究资料的基础上,并根据工作经验,对纳氏试剂光度法测定水体中氨氮常见问题进行了探讨与总结,以期更好的指导实际工作。 相似文献
78.
分子筛生产废水中悬浮物的絮凝与回用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对分子筛生产废水进行了絮凝沉降分离试验,确定了絮凝剂、助凝剂及絮凝敢分离条件。试验结果表明,絮凝沉降所得到的絮凝物料的化学组成、结构、性能与絮凝前原废水中的悬浮物基本一致,可返回原生产工序中使用。 相似文献
79.
含氟废气对农业环境的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
叙述了某厂氢氟酸生产过程排出的含氟废气对厂区周围水稻和蔬菜的污染及其与气象条件的关系,并提出了防止农业环境氟污染的措施。 相似文献
80.
O/W型乳化液的处理 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用药剂破乳-电解破乳工艺处理O/W型乳化液,药剂破乳选用聚合硫酸铁为破乳剂,破乳时最佳PH为8,聚合硫酸铁的最佳投量为1500mg/L,电解破乳选用铁作阳极,铝作阴极,电流密度0.86A/dm^2,极距25mm,电解时间3h。在上述条件下,破乳效果良好,出水清澈透明,COD总去除率可达到96-97%。 相似文献