液体石蜡乳化液的制备及对甲苯废气的吸收性能研究

以液体石蜡和水制备乳化液,以制备的乳化液吸收甲苯废气。考察了制备乳化液时油水质量比、乳化剂的质量分数、HLB值(亲水亲油平衡值)、乳化时间、乳化温度的选择及Tween 80、正辛醇、NaCl、Na2SO4对甲苯吸收效果的影响。结果表明,室温下油水质量比为7∶3,乳化剂质量分数为7%,HLB值为10,乳化时间为0.5 h时制备的乳化液稳定性最好。试验条件下乳化液对甲苯的初始吸收率可达96.53%,增加Tween 80的量和添加正辛醇能提高乳化液的吸收效果,添加NaCl和Na2SO4则降低乳化液对甲苯的吸收能力。     

含苯环有机污染物定量结构与活性相关性研究

定义表征成键原子生物活性的特征值Ei,由Ei建构新的连接性指数nK,并用0阶指数0K、1阶指数1K研究了氯代芳香族化合物的辛醇/水分配系数及取代苯胺、苯酚和硝基苯类化合物的生物毒性,给出了相关的方程.结果表明,该方法计算简单,使用方便,所有QSAR模型的估算结果均明显优于相应的文献方法,为定量评估和预测同类型其他化合物的生物毒性提供了参考依据.nK有望在QSAR/QSPR研究中作为一个新的参数而获得推广应用.     

短链氯化石蜡及其环境污染现状与毒性效应研究

短链氯化石蜡是碳链长度为10至13个碳原子的正构烷烃经氯化衍生而成的复杂混合物.作为《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》增列持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)中的一类化合物,2008年10月在瑞士日内瓦召开的联合国环境规划署POPs审查委员会的第     

短、中、长链氯化石蜡暴露对细胞代谢影响的比较研究

氯化石蜡(chlorinated paraffins, CPs)在中国大量生产和使用,导致其在环境介质中的含量较高。采用拟靶向代谢组学技术,比较研究了短、中和长链氯化石蜡在人体内暴露水平下(100μg·L~(-1))对HepG2细胞代谢的影响。结果表明,短、中和长链氯化石蜡暴露引起了HepG2细胞增殖活力的降低与代谢活动的显著变化。短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)暴露对细胞代谢的影响强度略高于中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)和长链氯化石蜡(LCCPs)。3种氯化石蜡均显著扰乱了脂质代谢,且影响程度相近。显著受影响的代谢通路包括:甘油磷脂代谢、亚油酸代谢、α-亚麻酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢和鞘磷脂代谢。同时,3种氯化石蜡暴露也显著扰乱了甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸生物合成,牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢;此外,LCCPs还扰乱了苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成通路。相比于SCCPs和MCCPs,LCCPs对氨基酸代谢表现出更强的干扰效应。     

氯代烃在铜电极上的电还原特性和还原机理

采用循环伏安法,对氯代烃在铜电极表面上的电还原特性进行了研究,评价了它们在铜电极上的电还原反应活性,分析了此类化合物在铜电极上的还原机理,并且讨论了电还原反应活性和此类化合物结构之间的关系.结果表明,氯代烷烃和部分氯代芳烃在铜电极表面有还原电位,能在铜电极表面被直接还原.氯代芳烃不易在铜电极上被直接还原.实验结果为催化铁内电解法提供了理论依据.     

碱催化脱氯技术处理氯代新POPs研究及示范工程

以硫丹作为氯代新POPs的代表,通过实验室小试研究,探讨反应温度、NaOH和石蜡油投加量对硫丹在NaOH/石蜡油碱催化反应体系中的去除和脱氯效率(RE和DE)的影响,并寻找出最优条件,开展示范工程研究.实验室小试结果表明,反应温度、NaOH投加量和石蜡油投加量对硫丹脱氯效率的影响要大于对其去除率的影响.当温度为250℃,硫丹和NaOH及石蜡油的质量比为1:3:6和1:3:10时,反应3h后,硫丹去除率和脱氯效率分别达到99.99%和99%以上.采用硫丹和得克隆两种氯代有机物开展示范工程研究,中试设备处理能力达到15kg/批次,在250~300℃下反应3~10h后,对硫丹和得克隆的去除效率均达到99.9%以上,表明硫丹和得克隆被有效分解.示范工程的成功实施为我国履行斯德哥尔摩公约提供技术支持.     

The influence of chlorinated aromatics' structure on their adsorption characteristics on activated carbon to tackle chemical spills in drinking water source

This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption process and tackling chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols spill in drinking water source. The adsorption kinetics and PAC’s capacities for five chlorobenzenes and three chlorophenols at drinking water contamination levels were studied in order to determine the influence of different functional groups on the adsorption behavior. The results showed that PAC adsorption could be used as an effective emergency drinking water treatment process to remove these compounds. The adsorption kinetics took 30 min to achieve nearly equilibrium and could be described by both pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models. A mathematic relationship was developed between the pseudo first-order adsorption rate constant, k₁, and the solutes’ properties including lgK_ow, polarizability and molecular weight. The Freundlich isotherm equation could well describe the adsorption equilibrium behaviors of chlorinated aromatics with r² from 0.920 to 0.999. The H-bond donor/acceptor group, hydrophobicity, solubility and molecular volume were identified as important solute properties that affect the PAC adsorption capacity. These results could assist water professionals in removing chlorinated aromatics during emergency drinking water treatment.     

环境和人体中氯代/溴代多环芳烃的研究进展——污染来源、分析方法和污染特征

氯代/溴代多环芳烃（Cl/Br-PAHs）是一类具有与二噁英和多环芳烃（PAHs）相似结构和致癌效应的新兴持久性毒害污染物,其环境行为归趋和潜在风险受到了高度重视.本研究以"Cl-PAH*" OR "Br-PAH*" OR "H-PAH*" OR "chlorinated PAH*" OR "brominated PAH*" OR "halogenated PAHs" OR "chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon*" OR "brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon*" OR "halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon*"为主题对Web of Science核心合集数据库进行了检索,并着重对环境/人体中Cl/Br-PAHs污染来源、污染特征和分析方法的研究进展进行了综述.结果表明：截止2021年1月,环境/人体中Cl/Br-PAHs的相关文献共计225篇.这些研究表明：Cl/Br-PAHs主要来源于废弃物焚烧、汽车尾气排放、金属冶炼、电子垃圾拆解等热过程和光化学反应过程;目前已在全球各类环境介质中被检出,并表现出持久存在性、长距离迁移性和生物可利用性;Cl/Br-PAHs被证实具有与其母体PAHs相似甚至更强的毒性,但目前对其形成机理和环境行为尚不明确,也尚未有统一有效且精准的分析方法,已报道的化合物种类十分有限,总体研究处于起步阶段.结合目前Cl/Br-PAHs的研究现状和存在的问题,今后应在其高通量精准筛查分析、源排放指纹识别追溯、环境迁移转化行为及潜在风险上开展研究.     

Determination of chlorinated paraffins in sediments from the Firth of Clyde by gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry and carbon skeleton analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of increasing concern, but are to date not widely investigated in the environment, largely due to the challenges involved in their quantification. Here, SCCPs were quantified in marine sediments from the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, by gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-ECNIMS) and through carbon skeleton analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID), and the analytical challenges encountered are discussed. Concentrations in the sediments ranged from 0.4 to 69 μg kg⁻¹ when determined by GC-ECNIMS, and from 5.6 to 379 μg kg⁻¹ when determined by GC-FID. For 8 out of 11 samples, analysis by GC-FID gave higher results than analysis by GC-ECNIMS. Unexpected aspects of the analysis, such as the presence of high concentrations of longer chain chlorinated paraffins in the samples, are also presented.     

Tissue-specific congener composition of organohalogen and metabolite contaminants in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

Congener patterns of the major organohalogen contaminant classes of PCBs, PBDEs and their metabolites and/or by-products (OH-PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) were examined in adipose tissue, liver, brain and blood of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). PCB, OH-PCB, MeSO2-PCB and PBDE congener patterns showed significant differences (p相似文献