伊宁市城市水系现状调查及问题与对策

以泉水来源的伊宁市城市水系,具有特有城市标志的同时对伊宁市起着重要的生态、景观、润泽作用。近年来,城市建设的快速发展给伊宁市水系带来了新的问题。文章以如何保护好伊宁市城市水系为出发点,以现场调查及相关数据为基础,对现状问题进行分析,提出了城市水系保护方面的一些建议对策。     

太原地区大气氮湿沉降变化特征

为研究太原地区的大气氮湿沉降时空变化规律,于2016年1月～2017年12月采用雨量器对太原市市中、近郊和远郊三地大气氮湿沉降进行了为期2年的监测。得到市中、近郊、远郊的NO₃^--N平均浓度为12.9、18.4、1.3 mg/L,NH₄⁺-N平均浓度分别为3.6、2.3、1.6 mg/L。季节变化上看,NH₄⁺-N浓度值四季相对平均,春夏季稍高,而NO₃^--N浓度变化较大且冬春季浓度值较高。三个采样点大气氮湿沉降量（无机氮）年均沉降量分别为40.0、48.0、14.2 kg/hm²,以近郊的沉降量最高。市中、近郊、远郊的NH₄⁺-N沉降量分别为9.0、5.0、8.2 kg/hm²,占总无机氮湿沉降量的比重分别为22%、11%、57%,NO₃^--N沉降量分别是31.0、43.0、6.0 kg/hm²,占总无机氮湿沉降量的比重分别为78%、89%、43%。从上可知城市降水中主要以NO₃^--N沉降为主,农村则以NH₄⁺-N沉降为主。结合市中、近郊、远郊NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N浓度比值分别为0.54、0.30、1.31,充分表明市中和近郊大气氮湿沉降主要来自工业和交通运输源,远郊则来自农业源。另外,市中、近郊月氮湿沉降量与降雨量差异不显著,远郊则达到极显著水平,说明影响市区两点氮湿沉降的因素较为复杂。由以上数据看出市中和近郊氮污染情况比较严重,应根据各自沉降特点予以控制。     

城市生态环境可持续评价的两类方法比较

在介绍城市生态环境可持续评价的两种方法的基础上,探讨了相对可持续性评价方法和绝对可持续性评价方法（生态足迹方法）的优点和不足之处,指出了不同方法的适用范围,并着重强调了利用生态足迹方法进行城市生态环境可持续性评价时要注意城市开放生态系统问题,对城市生态环境可持续性评价的实践具有指导意义。     

张道口-1井水位观测精度变化分析研究

本文对张道口-1井模拟水位、数字化水位观测精度进行了对比，进一步分析了影响数字化水位观测精度的几个因素，提出了数字化水位在日常观测中应注意的几个问题。     

基于信访数据分析北京环境问题

分析了2006-2009年北京环境信访数据,结果显示：北京的环境信访主要集中在大气污染和噪声问题方面,两者分别占信访总量的60％和34％。大气污染包括工业废气、机动车尾气、锅炉烟尘、餐饮油烟、扬尘以及异味等。噪声问题主要是社会生活噪声、工业噪声、施工噪声以及交通噪声等。环境信访量的区域分布与污染源的数量以及人口密度相关。北京城市功能拓展区占全市环境信访的一半以上,发展新区和城市核心区比例分别为26％和13％,生态涵养区仅占4％。从区县分布来看,朝阳区和丰台区比例最高,分别占全市的20％和17％;远郊区县比例相对较低,延庆县不足1％。不同季节污染源排放强度及居民生活规律的差异造成北京环境信访量夏季高、冬季低,8月份信访量是2月份的5倍。奥运前,北京环境信访量不断攀升,其后有所回落,但近几年集中信访突出．     

基于GIS的长沙市洪涝灾害风险动态评估

运用GIS技术的空间分析与建模功能构建洪涝灾害风险评估模型,以长沙市地理基础数据、遥感数据、气象水文、社会统计数据为基础,从洪涝灾害的危险性、暴露性、敏感性三个角度出发,对长沙市洪灾风险进行动态评价.结果表明：与1994年相比,2010年长沙市洪灾敏感性有所增加,暴露性上升,洪灾风险增大;从空间分布上看,长沙市区及望城区由于地势平坦,湘江干流贯穿其中,加之经济发达,因而洪灾风险较高;而西部的宁乡县和东部的浏阳市洪灾风险较低;提出了有针对性的防洪措施.该评价结果与实际情况相符,可为洪灾风险管理与决策提供科学依据.     

浅议云南省公路养护与环境保护对策

对公路养护施工中产生的环境影响进行了分析,提出了缓解措施和加强施工管理的建议。     

广州市河涌底泥污染现状调查与评价

2005年3～5月对广州市主要河涌底泥进行了较为系统的采样分析。分析评价结果表明，广州市河涌底泥受有机物、植物营养盐、石油类和重金属污染比较严重，其它污染物，如硫化物、氰化物、氟化物、挥发酚等以及难降解有毒有机物，包括DDT、666、PCBs、PAHs等污染并不严重，污染总体呈由老城区向外围逐步降低的态势。随后根据河涌底泥的主要污染特征进行了较为粗略的污染区划，并指出污染重点控制区域。     

Effects of the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) or urea could reduce NO3--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium (NH4 -N) leaching increased slightly. In case of total N (NO3--N NH4 -N), losses by leaching during the experimental period (40 d) were 37.93 mg (urea), 31.61 mg (urea DMPP), 108.10 mg (ASN), 60.70 mg (ASN DMPP) in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg (urea), 21.05 mg (urea DMPP), 37.86 mg (ASN), 31. 09 mg (ASN DMPP) in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4 -N and low levels of NO3--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in potassium leached less, but the difference was not significant except the treatment ASN and ASN DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.     

Activity maintenance of the excised branches and a case study of NO2 exchange between the atmosphere and P. nigra branches

The efficient maintenance of the activity of excised branches is the powerful guarantee to accurately determine gas exchange flux between the detached branches of tall trees and the atmosphere. In this study, the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) of the excised branches and branches in situ were measured simultaneously by using two photosynthetic instruments to characterize the activity of the excised branches of Phyllostachys nigra. The ratio of normalized NPR of excised branches to NPR in situ was used to assess the photosynthetic activity of detached branches. Based on photosynthetic activity, an optimal hydroponics protocol for maintaining activity of excised P. nigra branches was presented:1/8 times the concentration of Gamborg B5 vitamin mixture with p H = 6. Under the best cultivation protocol, photosynthetic activity of excised P. nigra branches could be maintained more than 90% within 6 hr in the light intensity range of 200–2000 μmol/(m2·sec) and temperature range of 13.4–28.7°C. The nitrogen dioxide(NO2) flux differences between in situ and in vitro branches and the atmosphere were compared using double dynamic chambers.Based on the maintenance method of excised branches, the NO2 exchange flux between the excised P. nigra branches and the atmosphere(from-1.01 to-2.72 nmol/(m2·sec) was basically consistent with between the branches in situ and the atmosphere(from-1.12 to-3.16 nmol/(m2 sec)) within 6 hr. Therefore, this study provided a feasible protocol for in vitro measurement of gas exchange between tall trees and the atmosphere for a period of time.