文化对机组资源管理的影响

针对国内民航机组资源管理(CRM)及训练中忽视文化的作用和影响的现状,在调研和分析国外CRM与文化影响的基础上,笔者结合国内民航的运行特点,总结、分析了民族文化、组织文化,以及职业文化对机组协作与配合,CRM训练等方面的积极与消极影响,提出中国民航应根据自身的文化特点调整CRM训练的内容和实施方式,并应从3个层面采取措施来提高CRM及其训练的效果,即航空公司CRM训练的设计、实施与评估;飞机制造商在进行驾驶舱人-机界面设计,以及政府部门在对航空器进行适航审定时,应充分识别不同文化的差异、在强化各种文化类型积极影响的同时,努力降低或消除其消极影响。     

机场周围飞机噪声测量的影响因素分析

简要回顾了机场周围飞机噪声的测量方法、评价指标;针对测量过程中存在的问题,从测量周期、飞行架次分布、机型的代表性、环境背景噪声等几个方面考察了对测量数据的影响,对机场周围飞机噪声测量的影响因素进行了分析;论证了缩短测量周期的可行性,当每天的飞行架次在200架左右时,以3 d取代7 d的做法较为可行;对于飞机噪声测量过程中存在的问题,提出了个人看法和建议。     

Clashing coalitions: a discourse analysis of an artificial groundwater recharge project in Finland

The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of the dynamics of knowledge production in the context of large-scale environmental projects causing local conflict. In particular, the paper analyses the discourse coalitions that formed around an artificial groundwater recharge project for the Turku Region in Finland. The material for this study consists of over 400 articles and opinion pieces which were collected from local and regional newspapers between 1999 and 2010. The articles were analysed by using Hajer's [1995. The politics of environmental discourse. Ecological modernisation and the policy process. Oxford, UK: Clarendon] discursive framework, and the analysis was complemented with the concept of knowledge coalition by Van Buuren and Edelenbos [2004. Conflicting knowledge. Why is joint knowledge production such a problem? Science and Public Policy, 31 (4), 289–299]. Results of the study indicate that knowledge coalitions were formed among the researchers, lay residents, and policy-makers, and they all utilised similar expertise-based factual arguments to support their cause. Thus, the paper participates in the academic discussion on the use and interpretation of expert knowledge in environmental policy-making by reshaping the division between experts and lay residents.     

高原地区机场自然环境谱编制研究

目的 编制高原地区机场自然环境谱。方法 通过分析装备典型失效案例,结合高原地区环境特征,得出高原地区影响飞机日历寿命的主要气象环境因素和化学环境因素,并进行为期1 a的实时监测和数据采集,最终编制机场自然环境谱。结果 高原地区两地机场气温较低(10.4℃),且昼夜温差大(28.2℃),低相对湿度低(61%),气压低(654hPa),太阳辐射强(8689.5MJ/m²),空气中沙尘较少,降水非常少,且雨水pH值接近中性,温度、太阳辐射、降雨等一般夏季较高、冬春季较低。同时,编制了高原两地机场的温度谱、湿度谱、温度–相对湿度谱、降水谱和综合环境谱等。结论 量化了高原地区机场的外场环境,对指导装备的高原环境适应性考核验证和腐蚀防护设计具有重要意义。     

民航安全监察员培训效果评估研究

为了有效评估民航安全监察员的培训效果,明确民航安全监察员培训评估指标体系,结合民航安全监察工作特点,初步建立培训效果评估指标体系并进行问卷调查,确定了培训前评估、培训中评估和培训后评估3个维度的评估体系指标,包括一级指标3项,二级指标8项,三级指标19项。随后,采用专家群决策法、模糊综合评价法和层次分析法,确定了各级指标的隶属度和权重值。最后,对民航安全监察员培训效果评估进行了实例应用,结果为"Ⅴ级"。该模型运用于民航安全监察员培训效果评估中,评估结果为培训效果的提升提供了有效的指导和理论支撑,同时也为监察员培训效果考核提供了定性与定量相结合的依据和标准。     

机场原因航空器受损事件防控风险评价*

为有效提高机场风险管控能力并保障航空器安全运行,建立科学的机场原因航空器受损事件防控风险评价方法。通过分析航空器过站机场保障作业识别风险因素,采用事故树分析法构建出共包括107个中间事件和207个基本事件的9个机场原因航空器受损事故树;根据机场原因航空器受损事件的千架次风险值确定出整体防控风险等级;应用事故树分析法（FTA）-优劣解距离法（TOPSIS）构建防控风险贴近度指标,对机场各业务风险防控现状进行评价。结果表明:机坪引导工作的防控风险最大,机场原因航空器受损整体防控风险等级评价结果符合机场的整体防控风险状况,与FTA法相比,FTA-TOPSIS法能够更准确地对机场各业务的防控风险进行区分及排序。     

基于流程图的机场管制塔台风险因素辨识

在对空中交通管制风险模型分析的基础上,确定辨识空管运行过程中风险因素的3条途径。基于运行分析方法建立机场管制塔台航空器放行流程图,结合流程图简表对地面管制准备阶段的风险因素进行分析,提出把鱼刺图与流程图相结合辨识航空器放行过程的风险识别方法。最后,应用上述方法从人-机-环-管方面辨识出机场管制塔台运行过程中的65个风险因素,其中包括40个管制员因素、10个设备因素、9个环境因素和6个管理因素。     

民航安全中人的因素研究方法综述

分析民航业中人的因素研究方法,指出其存在的不足。在此基础上,对核工业中成功应用的人的可靠性分析技术进行系统的研究。结合其优势,提出在民航安全工作中进行人的可靠性研究的观点。并将民航业与核工业中的多项内容进行对比,论证研究其可行性。为民航安全中人的因素研究提供新的理论指导和可靠的数据支持,最终使人因分析结果全面、深入和准确。     

AIRPORT WASTES AND WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Waste waters from various operations at the Miami International Airport are characterized. Servicing, maintenance, overhauling, and washing of aircraft seem to be the most significant waste water producing operations. Pollutional constitutents commonly found in the airport wastes include acids, alkalis, detergents, oil, grease, and oxygen demanding substances. Phenols are of concern when stripping and repainting operations occur. Although most airport wastes may be treatable, a great reduction in influent load can be achieved by proper housekeeping methods.     

Environmental Planning, Biodiversity and the Development Process: The Case of Hong Kong''s Chinese White Dolphins

Hong Kong has enjoyed more than 20 years of almost uninterrupted economic growth and the territory is widely recognized as one of the most successful of the newly industrializing economies. Economic success has, however, brought with it a variety of environmental problems including deterioration of air and water bodies and the loss of terrestrial and marine habitats. Environmental degradation also poses a serious threat to local biodiversity. Despite its stated commitment to environmental protection, the Hong Kong Government is still strongly growth-oriented and the territory's environmental institutions and policies often seem ineffective in resolving the conflicts that arise between development and the environment. To illustrate some of the contradictions inherent in Hong Kong's current approach to environmental and conservation issues, this paper focuses on the controversy surrounding the fate of the local population of the Indo-Pacific humped-back dolphin, or, as it is locally known, the Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis). The dolphin's habitat has been disrupted by major development projects, marine pollution and fishing and shipping activity. It is possible that the species will be extinct in Hong Kong waters by the beginning of the next century. The paper examines the background to the controversy that has arisen surrounding the future of the dolphins and evaluates the Government's attempts to develop a conservation strategy to protect them. The preferred option—the creation of a dolphin sanctuary within a designated marine park area—has been strongly criticized by some local marine biologists and conservationists as being inadequate and inappropriate. The failure to address effectively the problems faced by the Chinese white dolphin may be attributed to the lack of an overall conservation strategy in Hong Kong, shortcomings in the territory's environmental impact assessment system and limited local scientific knowledge concerning the dolphin population.