Design and Performance of a Channel Reconstruction Project in a Coastal California Gravel-Bed Stream

A 0.9 km-reach of Uvas Creek, California, was reconstructed as a sinuous, meandering channel in November 1995. In February 1996, this new channel washed out. We reviewed project documents to determine the basis for the project design and conducted our own historical geomorphological study to understand the processes operating in the catchment and project reach. The project was designed using a popular stream classification system, based on which the designers assumed that a "C4" channel (a meandering gravel-bed channel) would be stable at the site. Our historical geomorphological analysis showed that the reach had been braided historically, typical of streams draining the Franciscan Formation in the California Coast Ranges, with episodic flows and high sand and gravel transport. After the project washed out, Uvas Creek reestablished an irregular, braided sand-and-gravel channel, although the channel here was narrower than it had been historically, probably due to such factors as incision caused by gravel mining. Our study casts doubt on several assumptions common in many stream restoration projects: that channel stability is always an appropriate goal; that channel forms are determined by flows with return periods of about 1.5 years; that a channel classification system is an easy, appropriate basis for channel design; and that a new channel form can be imposed without addressing the processes that determine channel form.     

广东省清远市PM2.5污染天气分型及污染潜在源区分析

利用2016—2021年清远市逐时空气质量监测数据和相关气象资料,基于统计分析、主观天气分型方法和后向轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）,归纳总结粤北代表城市清远市在不同细颗粒物（PM_2.5 ）污染天气分型下的气象要素特征及污染潜在源区特征,为大气污染精细化防控提供有效参考。结果表明：在日均风速＜2m/s、日均相对湿度为75%～90%、日均气温为18～22℃时的无降水或微量降水天气下,清远市易出现PM_2.5 污染。变性高压脊型、脊后槽前型、冷锋前型、弱冷高压脊型、高压底后部型、台风外围型是造成清远市PM_2.5 污染的典型天气型,其中PM_2.5 重度污染均出现在秋、冬季弱冷高压脊型控制下;变性高压脊型下出现PM_2.5 轻度和中度污染的频率最高;脊后槽前型是清远市春季PM_2.5 污染的主要天气型;冷锋前型、高压底后部型和台风外围型下的PM_2.5 污染程度较轻。加剧清远市PM_2.5 污染的主要气流轨迹为弱偏南气流和南北气流辐合,当弱偏南气流控制时,污染潜在源区主要位于清远市辖区及广州、佛山、东莞、江门等珠三角城市;当南北气流辐合时,潜在源区主要位于清远市南部、韶关及珠三角,南岭山脉阻挡作用削弱了偏北方向长距离输送的PM_2.5 污染。     

基于pso-SVM的废水厌氧处理过程软测量模型

由于厌氧消化过程的复杂性和厌氧菌的敏感性,保持厌氧消化体系的稳定和高效性是比较困难的.本文在实验室采用IC反应器构建了一套厌氧废水处理系统处理人工合成废水,基于支持向量机(SVM)提出了一种预测废水厌氧处理系统出水挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度和COD去除率的软测量模型.为了提高模型的精确性和鲁棒性,加入pso算法(粒子群算法)优化SVM模型,并引入了分类策略对元数据集进行有效分类.仿真结果表明,基于pso-SVM模型的软测量模型对厌氧废水处理系统出水VFA浓度和COD去除率具有较好的预测能力,模型预测系统COD去除率及出水总VFA浓度测试样本数据相关系数分别为65.86%、85.25%;加入分类策略后,元数据集分成两类,模型预测系统COD去除率测试样本数据相关系数分别为92.34%、83.41%;模型预测系统出水总VFA浓度测试样本数据相关系数分别为99.14%、99.59%,系统预测精度明显提高.引入分类策略对元数据集进行有效分类,基于pso-SVM的软测量模型可为监控、优化和理解厌氧消化过程提供指导.     

结合水体光学分类反演太湖总悬浮物浓度

本研究利用2008年11月、2009年4月、2010年5月及2010年8月的太湖水体原位观测数据,在对光学复杂水体进行光学分类的基础上,分别建立了针对各个类别水体的总悬浮物浓度高光谱反演模型.通过对每类水体中各个模型的性能比较,分别得到各类水体的最优模型:第一类水体,比值模型为最优模型;第二类水体,半分析模型2为最优模型;第三类水体,一阶微分模型为最优模型.同时,比较分类前后模型的精度和稳定性,结果表明分类后,两者均表现出不同程度的提高,并且分析了光学分类导致半分析模型精度下降的原因.最后针对本研究的结果在遥感数据上的适用性进行了探讨,表明在高光谱遥感数据上有很大的应用潜力.本研究结论对光学复杂湖泊水体的水色遥感具有积极重要的意义.     

基于层次分析法的应急物资储备方式研究

科学合理的应急物资储备是有效应对突发事件的重要保障。在综合考虑影响应急物资储备的主要因素的基础上,将应急物资分5类;界定了3类应急物资储备方式;采用层次分析对应急物资的储备方式进行了研究,结果表明,不同类型应急物资的储备方式有较大差别,食品药品类物资应以合同储备和生产能力储备为主;应急救援类物资应以实物储备为主;灾民安置类物资应以实物储备和生产能力储备为主;基础保障类物资应以实物储备和合同储备为主;大型设备类物资主要采用合同储备;从总体上来说,应急物资储备需要采用全面综合储备的方式,而不能偏颇。     

Monitoring and estimating the flow conditions and fish presence probability under various flow conditions at reach scale using genetic algorithms and kriging methods

The combination of current velocity and water depth influences stream flow conditions, and fish activities prefer particular flow conditions. This study develops a novel optimal flow classification method for identifying types of stream flow based on the current velocity and the water depth using a genetic algorithm. It is applied to the Datuan stream in northern Taiwan. Fish were sampled and their habitat investigated at the study site during the spring, summer, fall and winter of 2008-2009. The current velocity, water depth and maps of the presence probability of fish were estimated by ordinary and indicator kriging. The optimal classification results were compared with the classification results obtained using the Froude number and empirical methods. The flow classification results demonstrate that the proposed optimal flow classification method that considers depth-velocity and optimally identified criteria for classifying flow types, yields a current velocity and water depth of 0.32 (m/s) and 0.29 (m), respectively, and classifies the flow conditions in the study area as pool, run, riffle and slack. The variography results of the current velocity and the water depth data reveal that seasonal flows are not spatially stationary among seasons in the study area. Kriging methods and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (River 2D) with empirical and optimal flow classification methods are more effective than the Froude number method in classifying flow conditions in the study area. The flow condition classifications and probability maps were generated by River 2D, ordinary kriging and indicator kriging, to quantify the flow conditions preferred by Sicyopterus japonicus in the study area. However, the proposed optimal classification method with kriging and River 2D is an effective alternative method for mapping flow conditions and determining the relationship between flow and the presence probability of target fish in support of stream restoration.     

Classification of the Substances on the Basis of the Acute-Toxic-Class Method (ATC)

The acute-toxic-class method (ATC) is an alternative to the classical LD₅₀ test. Four substances were tested with an ATC testing procedure. The results were compared with LD₅₀ data obtained from the literature. Great importance was attached to the observations of toxic signs following administration. The results of this study have shown that the ATC method allows allocation to toxicity classes in the same manner as on the basis of the classical LD₅₀ tests. The ATC method uses fewer animals and yields the same information on toxic signs. Introducing the ATC method into the quality system allows estimating the acute oral toxicity of chemicals according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD; OECD, 1992, 1996).     

新化学物质GHS水生环境危害分类探讨

为推动全球化学品统一分类和标签制度（GHS）在我国的技术实施,结合2004—2012年常规(正常)申报登记新化学物质的水生环境危害分类情况,探讨了新化学物质GHS水生环境危害分类方法,对分类标准应用、数据选择、分类程序、危害类别判定、分类结论表达等方面进行论述,分析了常见难于试验新化学物质分类方法,明确了分类涉及的相关技术问题。     

On the non-monotonic wind influence on flammable gas cloud from CFD simulations for hazardous area classification

Hazardous areas are defined as a result of a variety of variables as storage temperature, pressure, leak orifice size, physical properties of flammable substance, and wind characteristics. The potential formation of an explosive atmosphere must be accurately assessed to ensure process safety. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) arises as an important tool for accurate predictions as recommended by the international standard IEC 60079-10-1 (2015). This study aims to analyze the influence of wind velocity magnitude and direction on the hazardous area classification. The authors evaluated the extent and volume for methane, propane, and hydrogen leakages from a CFD model. For each flammable gas, the wind velocity magnitude and direction were regularly varied. The outcomes show that the behavior of the plume size as the wind varies mainly depends on the gas concentration. Counter-flow wind directions lead to zero relative velocity closer to the release point, which concentrates the gas, and wind in the release direction promotes a higher dilution of the gas cloud increasing the hazardous extent while decreases the volume. As a consequence, the wind also influences the zone type, which was accurately predicted from CFD simulations and significant differences were found when compared to the standard analyses. These differences are, to some extent, related to the consideration of wind velocity effects on the gas jet release.     

关于促进社区居民垃圾分类习惯养成的研究

社区是生活垃圾排放的主要源头场所。本研究以社区为中心,从习惯养成的角度出发,以斯金纳强化理论为依据,综合分析多方面影响因素,为社区垃圾分类管理及居民垃圾分类投放习惯的养成提出合理化建议。