关于医疗垃圾飞灰中二噁英在惰性气氛下的低温热脱附研究

以医疗垃圾焚烧炉布袋除尘器前管道内飞灰(BG)及布袋除尘器后飞灰(AG)为对象,研究不同温度及时间段下其在管式炉中的热脱附特性.结果表明,在低温氮气气氛下,热脱附作用较为明显,2种飞灰中的二噁英都有了不同程度的脱除,其中布袋前飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为82.9%～99.9%之间,毒性当量脱除率为77.3%～99.8%,布袋后飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为66.8%～99.8%之间,毒性当量脱除率为43.5%～99.6%.检测收集到的实验尾气,发现了二噁英的存在,且在300～350℃这个温度段生成量最多,且生成的有毒二噁英同系物中以OCDD为主.通过比较发现,当温度为400℃,加热时间为45 min时2种飞灰中的二噁英脱除效率最高.鉴于惰性气氛下的热脱附对处理飞灰中的二噁英具有较好的作用,可将其大规模应用于实际工程中.     

单光子/光电子在线质谱实时分析聚氯乙烯热分解/燃烧产物

实验室研制了低能光电子磁场增强电离(MEPEI)和单光子电离(SPI)复合电离源,该电离源具有电离化合物范围宽、碎片离子少、质谱图简单等优点,结合飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)实现了聚氯乙烯(PVC)热分解/燃烧产物的在线分析.针对不同的目标化合物,MEPEI/SPI复合电离源通过调节电离区电场强度,可以快速在SPI和SPI-MEPEI之间切换.PVC热分解/燃烧产物中电离能大于光子能量(10.60 eV)的HCl和CO2(12.74 eV、13.77 eV)利用MEPEI模式电离;而烯烃、二氯乙烯、苯系物、氯苯、苯乙烯、茚满及萘系物等可通过SPI-MEPEI复合模式电离.通过实时监测PVC主要燃烧产物的信号强度随温度的变化趋势可推断出,PVC燃烧产物主要是通过两种机制生成:①250～370℃时,PVC发生脱氯及分子内环化反应,产生大量的HCl、苯和萘;②380～510℃时,PVC发生分子间交联反应,生成烷基芳烃,如甲苯和二甲苯/乙苯等.实验结果表明,SPI/SPI-MEPEI复合离子源TOF-MS分析速度快,应用范围广,在在线分析中具有广泛的应用前景.     

四环素抗性基因在人工湿地中的去除及累积

以垂直潜流人工湿地系统为试验装置,考察了猪场养殖废水中四环素类抗生素抗性基因(tetW、tetM和tetO)在人工湿地中的去除及累积情况.结果表明,养猪废水中的3种抗性基因均有检出且含量较高,tetW、tetM和tetO的平均绝对含量分别为1.07×1010、4.03×1010和4.92×1010copies.L-1.通过湿地系统处理后,水体中抗生素抗性基因绝对拷贝数和相对表达量均明显降低,tetW、tetM和tetO的平均去除率分别为95.73%、92.21%和95.05%.在系统运行末期,湿地表层土壤和底层土壤中tetW、tetM和tetO的绝对拷贝数和相对表达量均有明显的升高,并且抗性基因在表层土壤中的累积水平高于底层土壤.因此,人工湿地系统可有效降低养猪废水中抗生素抗性基因的绝对及相对含量水平,系统的运行条件可对抗生素抗性基因在湿地系统中的积累产生影响.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

Preparation of MgO/B2O3 coatings by plasma spraying on SUS304 surface and effects of heat-resistant

This study mainly deals with the preparation of MgO/B₂O₃ coatings by plasma spraying on the SUS304 surface and the effects of heatresistant. The power materials of low thermal conductivity were selected to control the heat divergent performance of high temperature parts. The reticular micro-structure between the cover thermal layer and the substrate was prepared by using the plasma spraying method. The powder mixture of MgO and B₂O₃ were selected as spraying materials and the SUS304 was used as the substrate material. The MgO/B₂O₃ coating was prepared on the surface of the SUS304 to provide better cover thermal performance. The properties of the microstructures and the morphologies were studied by Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Probe Microanalyzer, and X-ray Diffraction. The results showed that the cover thermal performance has been improved.     

热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃

建立热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、溴仿等5种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。该方法在一定浓度范围内工作曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0．9990～0．9998之间,加标回收率在94．0％～106．6％之间,RSD为2．18％-7．62％,检出限为0．22μg／m3～0．30μg／m3。该方法具有操作简单、分析快速、准确度高、灵敏高的特点,用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃,结果令人满意。     

硫酸羟胺的自加速分解温度和稳定性研究

通过快速筛选热分析试验对硫酸羟胺热危险性进行定性分析,对其热分解过程进行初步研究,获得温度、压力变化规律;再运用C80微量热仪对硫酸羟胺进行深入分析,得到硫酸羟胺的化学反应动力学参数,根据Semenov模型计算其自加速分解温度（SADT）。试验结果表明：由RSD初步筛选试验得到硫酸羟胺在164．2℃时即发生分解放热;用C80法得到硫酸羟胺的起始热分解温度为137．1℃,并计算了该物质在3种典型包装下的自加速分解温度。由SADT得到储存、运输过程中硫酸羟胺的控制温度,从而为减少硫酸羟胺事故的发生提供必要的参考数据。     

石化企业玻璃钢设施静电特性及安全使用

通过测试玻璃钢设施的静电参数,研究分析玻璃钢设施的静电特性,表明玻璃钢设施有较大的静电危险性,提出了一般防静电措施,预防玻璃钢设施的燃爆风险。     

非离子表面活性剂对污泥调理脱水效果的影响

现有污泥脱水技术仅使污泥含水率降到80%左右,难以满足日益严格的污泥处置要求.以污泥比阻（SRF）、脱水率为考察指标,比较了两大类非离子型表面活性剂（辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚OPEO型和烷基糖苷APG）对剩余污泥的脱水效果,并对原泥及调理后污泥进行了显微观察.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂可使污泥絮体粒径变小,不规则程度降低,改善了污泥的脱水性能,而且烷基糖苷APG脱水效果优于OPEO型.APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,污泥比阻即可降低到原泥的42%,脱水率可达到93%.以烷基糖苷APG为调理剂进行板框脱水实验,结果表明,当APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,脱水泥饼含水率比原泥脱水泥饼含水率低约10%,脱水率可达到97%.本研究为APG应用于污泥脱水,改善污泥脱水性能提供一些参考.     

基于人体皮肤热模型的热防护服评价方法研究

在热防护服热防护性能测试装置基础上,用自行研制的新型耐高温模拟皮肤传感器代替铜片热流计测量通过应急热防护服装面料的热流量,将热流量作为热波皮肤模型边界条件,得到人体皮肤表层下80μm处的温度值,从而得到一定条件下人体真实皮肤达到二级烧伤所需时间,用其评价热防护服用织物的热防护性能,并将热波皮肤模型(TWMBT)的测试值与Pennes模型以及铜片热流计的测试结果进行分析比较。采用热波皮肤模型分析织物层下的"皮肤"防热时间更接近实际皮肤达到二级烧伤时间值,可较为精确的量化织物热防护性能,为应急救援热防护服装的热设计提供理论依据。