Considering climate change and regional differences: An efficiency assessment of coal mine use and land restoration

China is the country with the largest coal mining production and consumption in the world, but due to a large amount of coal burning, air pollution and climate change are exasperating related problems. The previous literature mainly has discussed coal mine production and environmental pollution, but failed to take into account external factors such as climate change and seldom discussed the relationship between coal mine land use and land restoration. Therefore, this study uses the meta-Epsilon-Based Measure two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis under the exogenous model and incorporates coal mine land use and land restoration use into the model to explore the relationship between the two under climate change. The research results are as follows. (1) If the external climate factors are not considered, then the phenomenon of overestimation or underestimation of the technology gap arises. (2) The efficiency value of the coal mining stage in most provinces is generally higher than the land restoration efficiency value.     

Changes in electrical generator cooling systems: Are they cost-effective sources of water now and under climate change?

In the United States, thermal power plant electrical generators (EGs) are large water diverters and consumptive users who need water for cooling. Retrofitting existing cooling systems to dry cooling and building new facilities with dry cooling can save water and reduce EG's vulnerability to drought. However, this can be an expensive source of water. We estimate that the cost of water saved by retrofitting cooling in existing EGs ranges from $0.04/m³ to $18/m³ depending on facility characteristics. Also water savings from building new EGs with dry cooling ranges in cost per unit water from $1.29/m³ to $2.24/m³. We compare costs with that for water development projects identified in the Texas State Water Plan. We find the water cost from converting to dry cooling is lower than many of the water development possibilities. We then estimate the impact of climate change on the cost of water saved, finding climate change can increase EG water use by up to 9.3% and lower the costs of water saved. Generally, it appears that water planners might consider cooling alterations as a cost competitive water development alternative whose cost would be further decreased by climate change.     

考虑串孔影响的穿层水力扩孔合理冲煤量研究

在煤层增透方面,穿层水力扩孔冲出煤量主要依据经验以及遵循“能冲尽冲”的原则,致使串孔现象严重,针对这一问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟结合工程试验的方法,阐明了串孔致因机理和串孔前后扩孔孔硐内负压损失分布特征,构建了考虑吸附膨胀应力和Klinkenberg效应的扩孔孔硐附近煤体瓦斯流动流-固耦合数学模型,利用Comsol软件,模拟了不同冲煤量下扩孔孔硐附近煤体所受应力分布和煤体渗透率的变化情况。研究结果表明:随着煤体不断被冲出,孔硐有效抽采半径相对变化率呈现衰减趋势;扩孔孔硐附近最大主应力呈现先急剧减小再增大,然后降低直至原始应力大小的趋势;渗透率的变化趋势与最大主应力恰好相反;扩孔孔硐周围煤体渗透率的增加主要受煤体的径向位移所控制,孔硐周围煤体大幅径向位移会产生串孔现象,渗透率虽得到大幅度提高,但瓦斯抽采效果和安全采掘很难保证,需要厘定出水力扩孔合理冲出煤量。     

快速分析技术在煤质检测中的应用及发展

煤质检测关系到电站燃煤锅炉的稳定安全运行.综述了几种快速分析技术在煤质检测中的应用及原理,并对今后我国在该技术领域的发展提出了建议.     

林聪悟-直线法在基于美国混凝土规范设计中的程序实现

首先,阐述了美国ACI318-08规范中钢筋混凝土受弯、受压构件的设计原理和基本假定。与我国混凝土结构设计规范不同,ACI318-08规范是根据构件的受力破坏形态来确定名义抗压和抗弯承载力的折减系数的,相对于延性破坏,脆性破坏构件的承载力折减较多。然后,由平衡条件、平截面假定及Newton迭代格式,推导出林聪悟-直线法的计算公式。编制程序实现该算法时,须根据最大、最小配筋率的规定对迭代区域进行限定;在确定P-M相关曲线上的拐点位置的基础上,实现中性轴高度在曲线上的分段迭代。通过在曲线拐点处设置微小增量及自动调整中性轴高度等方法,解决了程序计算时可能出现的迭代发散问题。算例表明,所编制程序的计算结果具有很高的精度。     

基于《电力设施抗震设计规范》的地震动随机模型参数研究

依据《电力设施抗震设计规范》(GB50260-96)中的设计反应谱,对随机地震动功率谱参数的取值进行了具体研究。首先,采用时间包络函数考虑地震的非平稳特性,给出了地震动持时的取值;然后,根据加速度峰值等效原则,迭代计算得到地面的加速度功率谱密度曲线;最后,选定Clough-Penzien修正过滤白噪声模型作为拟合函数,通过非线性拟合技术拟合了与《规范》中的地震烈度、场地类别相对应的谱参数。研究结果表明,Clough-Penzien修正过滤白噪声模型能较好地拟合其曲线形状。本文给出了相对于规范中的地面加速度功率谱参数值,可供这种模型作为地震地面运动输入时选用。     

Indian dye yielding plants: Efforts and opportunities

The present review article deals with the information on the dye‐yielding plants of India. Dyes are intensively coloured compounds that are applied to a substrate such as fibre, paper, cosmetics, hair, etc. to give colours and can be extracted from the roots, fruits/berries, bark, leaves, flowers, and stem/wood, fungi, and lichens by various processes of extractions. In addition to their dye‐yielding characteristics, many of these plants possess medicinal values and can be used for multiple other purposes. Plant derived‐colours have an important role in human life because of their safe and eco‐friendly nature. But due to the availability of economically cheaper synthetic dyes, the indigenous knowledge of extraction, processing, and proper utilisation has been diminished. Nowadays, the demand for natural dyes has been increased worldwide due to awareness about their beneficial properties. It has been essential that proper documentation and measure of conservation should be undertaken to preserve these natural dye‐yielding plants. This review article is an aid to a collective inquiry into Indian dye plants.     

中国粮食作物产量和木本植物生物量与地表臭氧污染的响应关系

当前我国地表臭氧（O₃）污染日趋严重,对植物生产力构成了严重威胁.本文综述了粮食作物产量和木本植物生物量与O₃暴露水平指标M7（7 h平均O₃浓度,09：00~16：00）、SUM06（每小时O₃浓度大于60 nmol·mol^-1的累积值）、W126（每小时O₃浓度在特定时段内用Sigmoidal函数加权求和值）、POD_Y［每小时气孔O₃通量高于阈值Y nmol·（m²·s）^-1的累积吸收通量］和最常用的AOT40（每小时O₃浓度超过40 nmol·mol^-1部分的累积值）之间的响应关系,并计算了相应的损伤阈值.基于AOT40的结果表明,导致水稻、冬小麦、玉米和大豆产量下降5%的O₃风险阈值分别为5.93、2.69、8.67和4.17 μmol·mol^-1·h,说明我国玉米对O₃的耐受性可能要高于其它3种作物;对于木本植物,杨树5个品种的熏蒸实验和17种木本植物的整合分析的结果显示,导致其总生物量减少5%的O₃风险阈值分别为12.20 μmol·mol^-1·h和10.87 μmol·mol^-1·h.此外,提出了未来相关研究应关注建立植物其它重要参数与O₃污染的响应关系与提高O₃区域风险评估精度,同时需要重点考虑如何将影响植物O₃敏感性的重要因子（如土壤氮素和树龄等）耦合到区域评估模型中.     

Investigation into the nonlinear damage model of coal containing gas

By taking the nonlinear deformation properties of coal into consideration, the nonlinear constitutive equation was founded. And in view of the compressible property of gas, the idea of compressive energy of gas was introduced. According to the continuous damage theory and mesoscopic damage theory, it is assumed that the damage variable has a power function relation with the porosity. By applying the thermodynamics energy conservation laws, a new nonlinear damage constitutive model of coal containing gas was deduced, and the correctness of the new model was verified by comparing with the former experimental results. This model can provide theoretical reference for understanding and solving these dynamic gas disasters such as coal and rock outburst. Moreover, based on this theory, prevention and control measures will be adopted to deal with the dynamic gas disasters according to ever-changing mining conditions.     

基于健康度分析的电网单元设备集可靠性评估研究

电网作为一类关键基础设施,能否安全稳定运行直接关系到社会的安全稳定以及经济发展。对电网进行可靠性评估,找到薄弱环节并给予增强稳固来提高电网整体抗扰性,降低电网风险,具有重要现实意义。在构建电网网络结构中节点单元的可靠性评估模型时,以设备可靠性模型为基础,将电网设备的健康度分析、老化度分析引入可靠性评估模型,一定程度上减少了可靠性评估模型中人为主观因素的影响;同时,将动态健康度预测和静态健康度总结进行综合,减少了各自评估的缺点,为可靠性评估提供了更为准确的变量信息,能够更为准确的区分不同设备的安全性程度。通过评估模型的构建和Q市电网算例的应用,表明该模型可以有效、快捷的衡量电网设备信息,为电网一线工作人员提供了较为方便的评估手段。