内源性气态SO2对血管的舒张作用及其机制：细胞离子通道的作用

为了探讨内源性气态二氧化硫(SO2)对心血管功能的调节作用,首次采用SO2气体直接作用血管环的方法,观察SO2对血管环张力的影响及其与血管组织细胞离子通道的关系.结果发现:1)SO2气体不论在生理相关浓度范围内,还是在高浓度下均可剂量依赖性地引起血管环的舒张反应,EC50值为(1247.38±98.32)μmol·L-1.在生理浓度((110.34±35.22)μmol·L-1)和较低浓度下(<450μmol·L-1),SO2的舒张作用是内皮依赖性的,而在较高浓度下(>500μmol·L-1),SO2的舒张作用与内皮无关;2)硝苯地平(Nifedipine,L型钙通道阻断剂)可部分抑制较高浓度(1500μmol·L-1)SO2引起的舒张反应,而对较低浓度(30、300μmol·L-1)SO2引起的舒张反应无显著影响;3)四乙基氯化铵(TEA,非特异性钾通道阻断剂)则对较低浓度和较高浓度SO2引起的舒张反应均有部分抑制作用;4)格列本脲(Glibenclamide,ATP敏感的钾通道(KATP)的特异阻断剂)可部分抑制1500μmol·L-1SO2引起的舒张反应,而对30、300μmol·L-1SO2引起的舒张反应无显著影响;5)IbTx(Iberiotoxin,大电导钙激活钾通道(BKCa)阻断剂)只可部分抑制30、300μmol·L-1SO2引起的舒张反应,而对1500μmol·L-1SO2引起的舒张反应无显著影响.由此结论:内源性气态SO2对大鼠离体胸主动脉环有剂量依赖性的舒张作用;在生理浓度和较低浓度下,SO2的舒张作用是内皮依赖性的,其作用机制与BKCa通道有关;而在较高浓度下,SO2的舒张作用与内皮无关,其作用机制与KATP和L型钙通道等有关;气态SO2的生理作用远大于它的衍生物亚硫酸盐和亚硫酸氢盐.     

壳聚糖吸附废水中铅离子的研究

研究了壳聚糖对废水中Pb2+的吸附特性,考察了壳聚糖溶液加入量、吸附时间及体系pH等条件对壳聚糖吸附溶液中Pb2+效果的影响。当质量分数为0.8%的壳聚糖溶液加入量为0.4 mL、吸附时间为30 m in、体系pH为5~6时,处理浓度为1×10-4mol/L的含Pb2+溶液,Pb2+去除率可达98%;同样条件处理印染废水,Pb2+去除率可达92.6%。     

利用道南膜技术(DMT)研究土壤中重金属自由离子浓度

采用近年新发展起来的一种研究重金属自由离子浓度的方法———道南膜技术,研究了采自我国不同地区的11种耕层土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu的自由离子浓度.结果表明,道南膜技术测定的Cd、Zn自由态浓度与WinHumicV模型计算结果吻合较好,测定的Pb和Cu自由态浓度稍高于WinHumicV模型计算结果.同时,采用Sauv啨提出的吸附腜投匀芙馓妥杂商闹亟鹗艚蟹治?结果表明,溶解态Zn、Cu和Pb以及自由态的Zn、Cu受土壤的污染程度(重金属总量)、土壤pH和溶液中溶解性有机碳控制.     

交联阳离子淀粉的合成及其对重金属离子的吸附

通过正交实验合成了取代度为0．568的交联阳离子淀粉。考察了溶液pH、螯合剂用量、重金属离子初始浓度对交联阳离子淀粉去除重金属离子效果的影响。当重金属离子初始质量浓度为50mg／L、螯合剂投加量为0．5g／U时,Pb^2 ,Cu^2 ,Cr^3 在溶液pH为6时的去除率达到最高,分别为97．94％,99．46％,84．30％,而Cd^ 在溶液pH为7时的去除率达到最高,为99．36％。实验结果表明,交联阳离子淀粉是一种有效去除废水中重金属的处理剂。     

Global patterns and trends in human–wildlife conflict compensation

Human–wildlife conflict is a major conservation challenge, and compensation for wildlife damage is a widely used economic tool to mitigate this conflict. The effectiveness of this management tool is widely debated. The relative importance of factors associated with compensation success is unclear, and little is known about global geographic or taxonomic differences in the application of compensation programs. We reviewed research on wildlife‐damage compensation to determine geographic and taxonomic gaps, analyze patterns of positive and negative comments related to compensation, and assess the relative magnitude of global compensation payments. We analyzed 288 publications referencing wildlife compensation and identified 138 unique compensation programs. These publications reported US$222 million (adjusted for inflation) spent on compensation in 50 countries since 1980. Europeans published the most articles, and compensation funding was highest in Europe, where depredation by wolves and bears was the most frequently compensated damage. Authors of the publications we reviewed made twice as many negative comments as positive comments about compensation. Three‐quarters of the negative comments related to program administration. Conversely, three‐quarters of the positive comments related to program outcomes. The 3 most common suggestions to improve compensation programs included requiring claimants to employ damage‐prevention practices, such as improving livestock husbandry or fencing of crops to receive compensation (n = 25, 15%); modifying ex post compensation schemes to some form of outcome‐based performance payment (n = 21, 12%); and altering programs to make compensation payments more quickly (n = 14, 8%). We suggest that further understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of compensation as a conflict‐mitigation tool will require more systematic evaluation of the factors driving these opinions and that differentiating process and outcomes and understanding linkages between them will result in more fruitful analyses and ultimately more effective conflict mitigation.     

梯度洗脱离子色谱法同时测定降水中9种有机及无机阴离子

建立了梯度洗脱离子色谱法同时测定降水样品中的氟离子、乙酸、甲酸、甲基磺酸、氯离子、硝酸根、戊二酸、硫酸根、乙二酸等9种有机酸和无机酸阴离子的测定方法。利用ICS-1000型离子色谱仪配备的淋洗液发生器,产生梯度氢氧化钾溶液,结果显示在20min内很好地完成了9种离子的同时分离测定。该方法的回收率为78．9％～115％,测试的相对标准偏差均〈6．5％。此方法操作简便、准确、实用,是南方地区降水样品较理想的阴离子检测方法。     

一种钢渣中氯离子的测定方法

利用蒸馏装置蒸出钢渣中的氯离子,使用硝酸汞滴定方法进行滴定,选用两种钢渣,在不同实验室分别进行了分析测定的比较和验证。结果表明:该方法简便易操作,重现性和准确性都比较高,作为钢渣中氯离子的测定是可行的。     

Flocculating characteristic of activated sludge flocs: Interaction between Al3+ and extracellular polymeric substances

Aluminum flocculant can enhance the flocculating performance of activated sludge.However,the binding mechanism of aluminum ion(Al 3+) and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) in activated sludge is unclear due to the complexity of EPS.In this work,threedimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy(3DEEM),fluorescence quenching titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) were used to explore the binding behavior and mechanism between Al 3+ and EPS.The results showed that two fluorescence peaks of tyrosineand tryptophan-like substances were identified in the loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substances(LB-EPS),and three peaks of tyrosine-,tryptophanand humic-like substances were identified in the tightly boundextracellular polymeric substances(TB-EPS).It was found that these fluorescence peaks could be quenched with Al 3+ at the dosage of 3.0 mg/L,which demonstrated that strong interactions took place between the EPS and Al 3+.The conditional stability constants for Al 3+ and EPS were determined by the Stern-Volmer equation.As to the binding mechanism,the-OH,N-H,C=O,C-N groups and the sulfurand phosphorus-containing groups showed complexation action,although the groups in the LB-EPS and TB-EPS showed different behavior.The TB-EPS have stronger binding ability to Al 3+ than the LB-EPS,and TB-EPS play an important role in the interaction with Al 3+.     

pH和Ni2+对人工纳米氧化硅吸附菲的影响

为了揭示菲在人工纳米氧化硅上的吸附行为,采用批量平衡实验对比研究了灼烧前后纳米氧化硅对菲的吸附,考察了pH值和重金属离子(Ni2+)对吸附行为的影响,并应用位点能量分布模型分析了菲吸附行为的变化.结果表明,吸附数据可用Freundlich模型较好地拟合,高温灼烧后纳米氧化硅对菲的吸附增加,lgKF由1.48增加到2.43;吸附的非线性也增加,结合孔分布及表面积变化,说明纳米氧化硅对菲的吸附为孔填充与表面吸附共同作用,内部孔对菲的吸附起主要作用.pH值的变化没有显著改变原始纳米氧化硅对菲的吸附;但是显著影响灼烧后纳米氧化硅对菲的吸附,吸附随着pH值的增加而降低,pH值由4.0增加到8.0,lgKF减少了73.7%.主要因为提高pH值,可明显增加灼烧纳米氧化硅的表面电荷,降低孔的可及性.不同浓度的Ni2+对菲吸附的影响不同,在Ni2+低浓度时(<5 mmol.L-1),表现为吸附抑制;在Ni2+高浓度时,对低浓度菲(50μg.L-1)表现为促进吸附,对高浓度菲(500μg.L-1)吸附的抑制程度不再增加.这是多个机制共同作用的结果.     

雅鲁藏布江水化学演变规律

为探究1973～2020年雅鲁藏布江流域水化学演变规律,利用Piper图、 Gibbs图、离子比值和相关性分析研究水化学特征及离子来源,并采用钠吸附比(SAR)、钠百分比(Na⁺%)和渗透性指数(PI)评价雅江河水的灌溉适用性.结果表明,TDS均值为(208.30±58.26)mg·L^-1,随时间呈增加趋势;Ca²⁺是优势阳离子,占阳离子总量的(65.49±7.67)%,HCO^-₃和SO■是优势阴离子,分别占主要阴离子的(68.56±9.84)%和(26.85±9.82)%; Ca²⁺、 HCO^-₃和SO■的年代增幅率分别为2.07、 3.19和4.70 mg·(L·10 a)^-1;雅江水化学类型是HCO₃-Ca型,主要离子化学受碳酸盐岩化学风化控制,1973～1990年碳酸盐岩风化主要受碳酸作用,而2001～2020年间主要受碳酸和硫酸共同作用;雅江干流河水的主要离子...