Pesticides alter ion transport across frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) skin

We have measured, in the edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus), the effect of two fungicides (8-hydroxyquinoline and captan), and four herbicides (DCMU, glyphosate, paraquat, and propachlor) on the short-circuit current, whose value gives an estimate of the net ion transport taking place across isolated skin. Glyphosate and paraquat treatment produced a modest increase in short-circuit current, corresponding to 2.6±0.7 and 4.6±0.8 μA·cm^?2, whereas the other substances had a more sustained effect, ranging from 9.1±0.6 (propachlor) to 14.8±0.9 μA·cm^?2 (captan), which is mainly attributable to an increase in the Na⁺ absorption, and, to a lesser extent, Cl^? secretion. The increase in short-circuit current after pesticide treatment, was partially abolished by AF12198, indomethacin, SC58125, SQ 22536, and W7; these results suggest that pesticides, independently from their chemical structure, induce the release of interleukin-1, which triggers the activity of cyclooxygenase-2, whose products, via a concentration in intracellular cAMP and Ca²⁺ concentration, increase Na⁺ absorption. The resulting Na⁺ disequilibrium must be compensated for by other epithelia, with the only consequence being the dissipation of energy. However, our results are important because they indicate that pesticides interact with the basic cellular machinery, which is responsible for the myriad of biological functions of different cell types.     

Effect of humic acid and metal ions on the debromination of BDE209 by nZVM prepared from steel pickling waste liquor

As a promising in situ remediation technology, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) can remove polybrominated diphenyl ethers such as decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) effectively, However its use is limited by its high production cost. Using steel pickling waste liquor as a raw material to prepare nanoscale zero-valent metal (nZVM) can overcome this deficiency. It has been shown that humic acid and metal ions have the greatest influence on remediation. The results showed that nZVM and nZVI both can effectively remove BDE209 with little difference in their removal efficiencies, and humic acid inhibited the removal efficiency, whereas metal ions promoted it. The promoting effects followed the order Ni²⁺>Cu²⁺>Co²⁺ and the cumulative effect of the two factors was a combination of the promoting and inhibitory individual effects. The major difference between nZVM and nZVI lies in their crystal form, as nZVI was found to be amorphous while that of nZVM was crystal. However, it was found that both nZVM and nZVI removed BDE209 with similar removal efficiencies. The effects and cumulative effects of humic acid and metal ions on nZVM and nZVI were very similar in terms of the efficiency of the BDE209 removal.     

上海浦东新区城区大气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

为研究大气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)在中低浓度水平下的污染特征及来源,于2018-2020年在上海市浦东新区采用在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统对大气ρ(PM2.5)及其水溶性离子的质量浓度进行了在线连续观测.结果表明,2018-2020年ρ(PM2 5)变化总体均呈现冬季较高,春、秋季其次,夏季较低的特征.PM2.5中水溶...     

超低排放典型燃烧源颗粒物及水溶性离子排放水平与特征

研究以自行开发建立的超低排放高湿废气中总颗粒物（total particulate matter,TPM）的直接冷凝采样系统及监测方法,应用于3台北京市超低排放典型燃烧源烟气中颗粒物的排放监测.分析和评估超低排放典型燃烧源排气中颗粒物及其水溶性离子的排放水平与组成特征,探究可过滤颗粒物（filterable particulate matter,FPM）和可凝聚颗粒物（condensable particulate matter,CPM）及其水溶性离子的相互作用与影响因素.结果表明：北京市超低排放燃煤锅炉FPM基准氧含量排放浓度介于1.04~1.11mg·m^-3之间,TPM基准氧含量排放浓度介于3.82~8.69mg·m^-3之间,均满足国家超低排放颗粒物限值要求（10mg·m^-3）,燃煤电厂TPM排放浓度超过了北京市颗粒物排放标准限值要求（5 mg·m^-3）.燃煤供暖锅炉CPM及其总水溶性离子排放水平分别为3.05mg·m^-3和1.30mg·m^-3,显著低于燃煤电厂,与燃煤电厂的负荷和烟温较高有关;燃煤电厂锅炉CPM及其总水溶性离子排放浓度分别是燃煤供暖锅炉的2.2~2.4倍和1.7~2.2倍.燃气电厂TPM及其总水溶性离子排放水平分别为1.99mg·m^-3和1.44mg·m^-3,均明显低于燃煤锅炉.CPM是燃烧源排气中颗粒物的主要形式,在超低排放锅炉烟气中CPM对TPM的质量贡献显著增加,并随烟温的升高而增加,燃煤锅炉为72.6%~88.1%,燃气电厂为93.1%,且水溶性离子总量的66.1%~94.2%存在于CPM中.排气烟温显著影响颗粒物及其水溶性离子的赋存形态、脱除效率与排放水平.SO₄^2-是燃煤锅炉颗粒物的主要特征离子,排放浓度介于0.98~1.18mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的27.7%~49.6%,来源于烟气脱硫;F^-是燃煤电厂颗粒物中又一主要特征离子,排放浓度介于1.91~2.32mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的54.4%~56.1%,可能与燃料煤含氟量高有关;NH₄⁺是燃气电厂颗粒物的主要特征离子,排放浓度为0.92mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的64.2%,来源于选择性催化还原法（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）脱硝过程中的NH₃逃逸,其排放浓度显著高于燃煤锅炉,可能与燃气电厂缺少其它净化设施的协同去除效应有关.     

土壤中游离重金属离子的测定--唐南膜平衡法

对比了最近几十年来国内外土壤溶液中游离重金属离子浓度的测定方法,在此基础上建立了一种新的测量方法———唐南膜平衡法(DMT)。研究表明,该实验方法可以在不影响反应体系平衡的基础上同时测定多金属元素,而且彼此之间不会发生干扰。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣浸出试验

选择了城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中8种含量高、危害大的金属元素进行了静态和动态浸出性试验。结果表明,钙含量和温度是影响有害金属离子溶出的主要因素。对8种金属离子的浸出率和迁移规律进行了排序和分析,为灰渣安全处理和合理利用提供了科学依据。     

空气负离子与城市环境

综述了空气负离子的研究历史、产生过程以及增加空气负离子改善城市环境的措施。在相关文献的基础上,由室内、室外二方面进一步探讨了空气负离子与城市环境的关系。     

粉煤灰基吸附剂对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附性能

以粉煤灰为原料、Na2CO3为助熔剂,采用盐熔融—水浴结晶法制备粉煤灰基吸附剂。探讨了吸附剂的最佳制备条件及其对模拟废水中Cd2+的最佳吸附条件、吸附动力学和吸附机理。实验结果表明:制备吸附剂的最佳工艺条件为m(粉煤灰)∶m(Na2CO3)为1∶2,焙烧温度为450℃;采用最佳制备工艺条件下制备的吸附剂(记作2-450℃-FA吸附剂),在初始Cd2+质量浓度为300 mg/L、初始溶液pH为7.7、振荡时间为120 min的条件下,对模拟废水中Cd2+的去除率为98.0%。2-450℃-FA吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附主要受颗粒内扩散控制,吸附过程可用准二级吸附动力学方程很好地描述。Ea为77.22 kJ/mol,吸附过程主要为化学吸附。     

粉煤灰吸附—石灰沉淀处理高浓度含氟废水

采用粉煤灰吸附—石灰沉淀处理高浓度含氟废水.正交实验得到的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度10℃,石灰加入量3.0 g/mL,反应时间60 min,废水pH 6.88.在此最佳工艺条件下处理F质量浓度为150 mg/L的含氟废水,Fˉ去除率为97.53％.Mn2+,Fe3+,Mg2+,A13+,Zn2+单独存在时,随5种阳离子质量浓度增大,Fˉ去除率略有增加;当5种阳离子共同存在且质量浓度均大于500 mg/L时,Fˉ去除率下降.PO43-,SO42-,CO32-,NO3-单独存在时对Fˉ去除率影响不大;当4种阴离子共同存在且质量浓度均大于800 mg/L时,Fˉ去除率低于对照实验.     

电渗析技术及其应用

电渗析技术是膜分离技术之一,具有低能耗,高效率,连续运行、环境友好等显著优点,在多个行业中有着广泛的使用。简述了几种常见的电渗析技术,包括填充床电渗析,倒极电渗析和双膜电渗析等,着重介绍了电渗析技术在水处理、食品和化工方面的应用,并简单探讨了电渗析技术其发展前景。