青藏高原冰川雪坑中离子浓度的区域特征及来源分析

研究了青藏高原古仁河口冰川、小冬克玛底冰川和玉珠峰冰川中的离子浓度特征. 使用离子色谱对这3条冰川雪坑中的样品进行了分析,并运用相关分析法探讨了离子的主要来源. 结果表明,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO^2-₄的浓度从古仁河口冰川、小冬克玛底冰川到玉珠峰冰川依次升高,即从高原南部到北部依次升高. 反映了从青藏高原的南部到北部,陆源物质成分所占比重越来越大的特征. 玉珠峰冰川中Cl^-、Na⁺和SO^2-₄浓度比古仁河口冰川和小冬克玛底冰川高几倍,可能是由于玉珠峰冰川北侧柴达木盆地盐湖的蒸发及盐类矿物风化的结果. NO^-₃、K⁺ 和NH⁺₄的来源比较复杂,对环境的指示意义不够显著.     

二溴海因作用罗非鱼产生的溴离子残留及消解研究

建立了以离子色谱法测定水产品中溴离子质量比的方法,并用该方法检测了二溴海因作用于吉富罗非鱼后所产生的溴离子在肌肉中残留及消解的质量比.检测时采用CsI2A阴离子柱分离,电导检测,溴离子质量比为10～200 mg/kg,决定系数R2=0.9963.结果表明:1)样品添加30 mg/kg和50 mg/kg时,Br-的平均回收率分别为82.58％和86.14％,相对标准偏差为4.61％和6.54％.因此,该方法可以应用于水产品中溴离子的定量分析;2)二溴海因质量浓度为0～0.3 mg/L时,肌肉中未检出溴离子;二溴海因质量浓度为1.5 mg/L时,肌肉中溴离子质量比呈时间-效应关系,即溴离子质量比随时间的延长而增加,第16 d时溴离子在肌肉中质量比达最大21.6 mg/kg,符合国际食品法典的规定.在清水中恢复10 d后,肌肉中溴离子的质量比降低.可见,实际生产中若二溴海因的施药剂量为0.3～0.4mg/L,则肌肉中溴离子对人类几乎没有威胁.     

Fire Tests on E-vehicle Battery Cells and Packs

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of abuse conditions, including realistic crash scenarios, on Li ion battery systems in E-vehicles in order to develop safe practices and priorities when responding to accidents involving E-vehicles.

Method: External fire tests using a single burning item equipment were performed on commercial Li ion battery cells and battery packs for electric vehicle (E-vehicle) application. The 2 most common battery cell technologies were tested: Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and mixed transition metal oxide (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, NMC) cathodes against graphite anodes, respectively. The cell types investigated were “pouch” cells, with similar physical dimensions, but the NMC cells have double the electric capacity of the LFP cells due to the higher energy density of the NMC chemistry, 7 and 14 Ah, respectively.

Heat release rate (HRR) data and concentrations of toxic gases were acquired by oxygen consumption calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively.

Results: The test results indicate that the state of charge (SOC) affects the HRR as well as the amount of toxic hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas formed during combustion. A larger number of cells increases the amount of HF formed per cell. There are significant differences in response to the fire exposure between the NMC and LFP cells in this study. The LFP cells generate a lot more HF per cell, but the overall reactivity of the NMC cells is higher. However, the total energy released by both batteries during combustion was independent of SOC, which indicates that the electric energy content of the test object contributes to the activation energy of the thermal and heat release process, whereas the chemical energy stored in the materials is the main source of thermal energy in the batteries.

Conclusions: The results imply that it is difficult to draw conclusions about higher order system behavior with respect to HF emissions based on data from tests on single cells or small assemblies of cells. This applies to energy release rates as well. The present data show that mass and shielding effects between cells in multicell assemblies affect the propagation of a thermal event.     

D402树脂对Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能及再生试验研究

通过静态和动态吸附实验研究了氨基膦酸树脂D402对水中Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能及其再生方法。结果表明,D402树脂对Pb,Cd的吸附均符合Freundlich方程,静态吸附Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的最佳p H值为6.0左右,采用HCl-Na OH二阶段再生方式最佳,Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)再生度分别达到93.2%,81%。模拟某有色矿山废水,在动态条件下,出水以满足地表水Ⅲ类标准为要求,反复运行再生7次后,D402对Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量仍能达到初始吸附量的80%以上。     

层状金属硫属化物对水中锌的离子交换性能研究

通过水热反应制备的层状金属硫属化物K1.9Mn0.95Sn2.02S6(KMS),对水中Zn2+具有良好的吸附性能.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等手段表征了KMS吸附前后的结构、化学组成和微观形貌.Zn2+与K+发生离子交换后,会与硫产生共价键作用而被吸附,材料的层间距由0.851 nm变为1.123 nm.化学吸附导致吸附后的KMS表面会变得粗糙.考察了p H、反应时间、初始浓度、反应温度和共存离子等因素对KMS吸附Zn2+的影响.在p H=3~6之间,溶液的p H对吸附量没有明显影响.在不同温度下,动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,而且速率控制步骤主要由液膜扩散控制.吸附过程的活化能为40.24 k J·mol-1.在10℃、25℃和40℃下,KMS对Zn2+的最大吸附量分别是:111.67 mg·g-1、142.91 mg·g-1和161.02 mg·g-1.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以用来描述吸附平衡过程.碱金属和碱土金属离子对Zn2+去除率的影响较小,影响顺序是Ca2+Mg2+Na+,而重金属离子对Zn2+的去除影响较大,影响顺序是Cd2+Pb2+Cu2+Ni2+.离子交换后的KMS不会再释放出Zn2+,可以作为一种永久储存重金属的废弃物.     

Interaction between Cu2+ and different types of surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron during their transport in porous media

This study investigated the interaction between Cu²⁺ and nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) coated with three types of stabilizers (i.e., polyacrylic acid [PAA], Tween-20 and starch) by examining the Cu²⁺ uptake, colloidal stability and mobility of surface-modified NZVI (SM-NZVI) in the presence of Cu²⁺. The uptake of Cu²⁺ by SM-NZVI and the colloidal stability of the Cu-bearing SM-NZVI were examined in batch tests. The results showed that NZVI coated with different modifiers exhibited different affinities for Cu²⁺, which resulted in varying colloidal stability of different SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu²⁺. The presence of Cu²⁺ exerted a slight influence on the aggregation and settling of NZVI modified with PAA or Tween-20. However, the presence of Cu²⁺ caused significant aggregation and sedimentation of starch-modified NZVI, which is due to Cu²⁺ complexation with the starch molecules coated on the surface of the particles. Column experiments were conducted to investigate the co-transport of Cu²⁺ in association with SM-NZVI in water-saturated quartz sand. It was presumed that a physical straining mechanism accounted for the retention of Cu-bearing SM-NZVI in the porous media. Moreover, the enhanced aggregation of SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu²⁺ may be contributing to this straining effect.     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques,including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of 96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.     

重离子辐照1200V碳化硅二极管漏电退化的缺陷分析

目的研究1200 V碳化硅二极管重离子辐照诱生缺陷对漏电流退化的影响。方法以SiC结势垒肖特基二极管(Junction Barrier Schottky Diode,JBSD)为样品,采用能量为208 MeV,LET=37.3 MeV·cm^2/mg的锗离子进行辐照试验,利用半导体器件分析仪对重离子辐照前后1200 V SiC二极管的电学特性进行测试,利用深能级瞬态谱仪(Deep Level Transient Spectrum,DLTS)进行缺陷分析。结果辐照后,二极管的正向IV特性和CV特性未发生明显变化,反向IV特性退化。DLTS测试结果显示,E0.4能级和Z1/Z2能级基本未发生变化,EH能级有展宽的现象。测试电压VM=-8 V,填充脉冲电压VF=-1 V条件下测得的EH能级浓度比VF=-4 V条件下测得的高。结论分析认为,EH能级的缺陷复杂,推测是两个或多个缺陷能级的叠加(EH4、EH5、EH6、EH7等),此处缺陷的复杂程度与漏电流的退化成正相关,且这些缺陷的所在位置接近SiC外延层的表面。     

冬季中国东海大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的组成与来源分析

运用离子色谱对2009年冬季中国东海大气气溶胶中水溶性离子Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、CH3SO3-（MSA）、Na＋、K＋、NH 4＋、Mg2＋、Ca2＋进行了测定,同时由SPSS（statistical package for social sciences）软件进行相关性分析探讨其来源.分析结果表明,气溶胶中二...     

“十四运”期间西安PM2.5中水溶性无机离子污染特征

为探究中国第十四届运动会(简称“十四运”)期间西安大气PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子浓度水平及来源,利用高分辨率MARGA ADI 2080离子在线分析仪对西安“十四运”前、“十四运”期间和“十四运”后水溶性无机离子进行实时观测,分析了不同时段水溶性无机离子组分污染特征、pH变化及污染来源。结果表明,“十四运”前、“十四运”期间和“十四运”后PM_2.5质量浓度分别为13.4、11.9、32.6μg/m³,SNA(NO^-₃、SO₄^2-和NH⁺₄三者统称)质量浓度分别为5.8、5.4、13.3μg/m³,占总水溶性无机离子的91.6%～93.6%。“十四运”前和“十四运”期间NO^-₃与SO₄^2-质量浓度比分别为0.7和0.9,表明移动源的比例增加,主要受交通管控的影响。“十四运”后NO