冻土与融土中生活垃圾填埋处理的试验研究

试验模拟了冻土及融土中生活垃圾的填埋对于周边土体的影响,通过检测填埋场各点处土壤含水量、温度、含盐量和有机质的含量,认为水分运移是影响可溶盐离子迁移的主要因素,盐分与水分的分布具有很好的一致性;温度对盐离子的迁移及有机质的分解有很大影响,温度越高,盐离子的迁移及有机质的分解速率越快。冻土环境不利于可溶盐离子及有机质的迁移与分解,冻土中各点含盐量及有机质含量高于融土。     

Photodegradation of 2,4-D induced by NO2- in aqueous solutions：The role of NO2

To elucidate the effect of nitrite ion （NO2^-） on the photodegradation of organic pollutants, a 300 W mercury lamp and Pyrex tubes restricting the transmission of wavelengths below 290nm were used to simulate sunlight, and the photodegradation processes of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D） with different concentrations of NO2^- in freshwater and seawater were studied. The effect of reactive oxygen species （ROS） on the photolysis of 2,4-D was also demonstrated using electron paramagnetic resonance （EPR）. The results indicated that the 2,4-D photolysis reaction followed the first-order kinetics in freshwater and seawater under different concentrations of NO2^-. Meanwhile, the photochemical reaction rate of 2,4-D increased with increasing concentration of NO2^-. When the concentration of NO2^- was lower than 23 mg/L, the photodegradation rate of 2,4-D in seawater was higher than that in freshwater. However, when the concentration of NO2^- was reached 230 mg/L, 2,4-D degradation slowed down in seawater. It was important to note that EPR spectra showed NO2 radical was generated in the NO5 solution under simulated sunlight irradiation, indicating that 2,4-D photodegradation could be induced by NO2. These results show the key role of NO2^- in photochemistry and are helpful for better understanding of the phototransformation of environmental contaminants in natural aquatic systems.     

磁性离子交换树脂对原水中有机物去除效能的研究

采用磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)预处理原水中有机物的中试试验结果表明,MIEX技术可有效地去除原水中的有机物,对UV254,DOC和CODMn的去除率分别稳定在82%、66%和50%,MIEX预处理可以有效强化混凝沉淀对有机物、藻细胞和浊度的去除.与常规工艺相比,在混凝剂聚合氯化铝投加量降低56%时,该工艺对UV254和CODMn的去除率分别为90%和71%,对藻细胞数和浊度的去除率分别为99%和95%.对溶解性有机物分级和分子量分布的测定表明,MIEX预处理主要去除混凝沉淀无法有效去除的小分子区间的亲水性和疏水性有机物,可以有效控制消毒副产物的产生,MIEX预处理与混凝沉淀联用工艺出水的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)比原水降低了88%和87%.     

螺旋藻吸附水溶液中铜离子的初步研究

为了利用海洋藻类原料廉价，吸附容量大，无二次污染等优点来处理回收含重金属的工业废水，本文对螺旋藻干粉吸附水溶液中Ｃｕ＾２＋的动力学和溶液ｐＨ值对其影响作了初步研究。结果显示螺旋藻吸附Ｃｕ＾２＋分两步进行；第一步速度快，被认为是金属离子与藻表面的物理吸附；第二步速度慢，为化学吸附过程。ｐＨ值是影响吸附的主要因素，最佳吸附ｐＨ值为５．７￣６．７。用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程模拟吸附等温线，拟合良好。     

氯氧化锆废弃物制备层状硅酸钠的研究

以氯氧化锆生产中排放的废弃物碱性废水和酸性硅渣为主要原料制备了层状硅酸钠。研究了不同工艺条件下样品的基本性能。结果表明,碱性废水和酸性硅渣为主要原料,可制备出性能良好的层状硅酸钠。其晶型主要为δ型,钙离子交换容量（CEC）可达270 mg/g,pH在11～12之间,完全满足洗涤助剂的基本要求。此方法为氯氧化锆废弃物的综合利用提供了一条新途径。     

羟基磷灰石吸附水溶液中Zn^2＋影响因素的研究

对羟基磷灰石（HAp）吸附水溶液中Zn^2＋的各种影响因素进行了系统的研究.实验结果表明,去除率与Zn^2＋的初始浓度呈负相关关系;酸性环境不利于HAp对Zn^2＋的吸附,随着pH值的增加去除率迅速升高,当pH值升到10左右时,去除率几乎接近100%,之后随着碱性的增强去除率反而下降;去除率与作用时间、HAp的用量和作用温度呈正相关关系.HAp对水溶液中Zn^2＋的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,它对Zn^2＋的最大吸附容量为6.72 mg/g.     

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils：Metal speciation in soil solution

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd2+ (3%–52%) and Zn2+ (11%–72%) in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu2+ (0.2%–30%) and Pb2+ (0.6%–10%). Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients (Kp) and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.     

NanoChem分子筛对高氨氮废水去除效果的研究

采用新型的离子吸附交换材料NanoChem分子筛,研究对高浓度氨氮的模拟废水和实际垃圾渗滤液的去除效果.结果显示,氨氮吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,其中单位NanoChem分子筛吸附氨氮饱和浓度以N计算为364 mg.g-1,对高浓度氨氮的吸附能力比天然沸石或者微孔分子筛强3～30倍.在间歇实验中考察了操作参数对氨氮去除的影响,NanoChem分子筛20 h后基本达到离子交换平衡;氨氮去除量随着初始浓度的增加而增加,而去除率则随着初始浓度的增加而减少;同时溶液初始pH值不但影响氨氮去除率还影响离子交换特性;再生前后氨氮去除效果变化不大,重复性强.动态连续流研究发现NanoChem分子筛能用于实际高浓度氨氮废水的去除,去除率可达到100%.     

天津七里海湿地水化学组成及主要离子来源分析

水化学是湿地水环境评价的重要参数.为研究天津七里海湿地的水化学组成和主要离子来源,采集了湿地内的沼泽水、周边的河水和地下水.结果表明:①河水、沼泽水的水化学类型为SO4·Cl-Na型,地下水水化学类型为HCO3-Na型和HCO3-Na·Ca型,沼泽水主要依靠河水补给,浅层地下水与河水交换作用明显;②水体离子组分受大气降...     

喀什噶尔河下游平原区地下水咸化特征及成因分析

为了揭示新疆喀什噶尔河下游平原区地下水咸化的分布特征和形成机制,综合运用数理统计、Duorv图、PCA-APCS-MLR模型、离子比值和水文地球化学模拟等方法,对2018年采集的69组地下水样品进行分析.结果表明,研究区地下水总体呈弱碱性,TDS的变化范围为573.0~16700.0 mg ·L^-1,地下水化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄·Cl、SO₄和SO₄·Cl型;咸化系数计算结果表明,从潜水至深层承压水咸化程度呈现出逐渐增加的规律;蒸发浓缩作用和溶滤作用是导致研究区地下水咸化的主要因素,从潜水至深层承压水碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩的风化溶解和阳离子交换作用逐渐减弱,而蒸发盐岩的风化溶解持续加强,也是导致深层地下水咸化程度大于浅层地下水的首要因素;人类活动对研究区地下水咸化也产生了一定的影响;相邻含水层咸水的越流补给加剧了研究区地下水的咸化.