石化园区周边农田土壤重金属污染分析与评价

以某化工园区附近300km2区域为研究区,采用辐射状精确布点,采集表层土壤样品共计200个,以该区土壤环境自然背景值和《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准值为评价标准,对土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg和As的污染进行了分析评价.结果表明,以自然背景值为评价标准,研究区表层土壤中Cd、Hg、Cu和Pb平均含量超过自然背景值,其中,Cd为首要污染因子;以国标二级标准为评价标准,除Cd和Hg以外的6种重金属的单项污染指数平均值均小于1,Cd仍是研究区表层土壤重金属污染的主要因子.化工区西北和西南方向农田土壤重金属含量变化表明,随着与化工区距离的增加,农田土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg的含量呈显著下降趋势.采用相关分析和主成分分析研究区内土壤中重金属的来源,主因子1和主因子2的贡献率分别为65.23%、19.93%,前者反映土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg积累的差异,并主要与人类活动有关;后者体现了Ni和As的变化,主要与成土母质有关.     

饮用水中溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴离子的离子色谱测定法

本文选用DIONEX ICS-2000型离子色谱仪,进样量100μL。水样中的阴离子随氢氧根淋洗液进入阴离子交换分离系统,根据分析柱对各离子的亲和力不同进行分离。结果溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴离子的检出限分别为：5.0μg/L、4.0μg/L、5.0μg/L、4.4μg/L;标准偏差〈5%;样品加标回收率在87.5%-95.5%。结论该方法操作简单,分析快速,灵敏度高,重现性好,能够准确检测水中卤氧化物。     

无机磷化合物对煤自燃的阻化作用研究

为减少及控制煤矿井下自然发火现象,利用实验对比分析在15%,17%,20% 3种不同浓度下的磷酸二氢钠、次亚磷酸钠、磷酸三钠和磷酸铝对荆各庄气煤的阻化作用及效果。通过程序升温-气相色谱联机实验,对比分析原煤样与阻化煤样程序升温过程中CO气体释放规律,发现20%次亚磷酸钠、20%磷酸二氢钠、15%磷酸三钠以及20%磷酸铝阻化效果最好;傅里叶红外光谱实验对比分析原煤样与阻化煤样的分子结构,随着温度的升高分解出的次亚磷酸根和磷酸二氢根可以维持苯环的稳定,磷酸三钠分解的磷酸根与甲基及亚甲基中的H+进行结合,生成具有还原性的酸;利用电子自旋共振实验分析原煤样与阻化煤样的自由基随着温度变化规律,随着温度的升高阻化煤样的自由基浓度低于原煤样,阻化剂的添加改变了煤内部结构,使g因子值呈现出下降的趋势;通过综合热分析仪发现在燃烧阶段加入次亚磷酸钠和磷酸三钠可提高煤分子中较稳定结构裂解所需能量,从而使煤-氧化学反应出现一定的延迟。通过实验筛选出20%次亚磷酸对气煤的阻化效果最好。研究成果对预防或减少矿井自然发火具有重要的指导意义。     

超声-Fe2+-K2S2O8/NaHSO3体系降解罗丹明B

采用超声促进、Fe²⁺活化的K₂S₂O₈/NaHSO₃联合体系（US-Fe²⁺-K₂S₂O₈/NaHSO₃体系）降解罗丹明B（RhB）。考察了RhB模拟废水脱色效果的影响因素,并研究了不同处理方法的协同效应,推测了反应机理。实验结果表明：在反应温度25 ℃、初始pH 5.18、超声功率250 W、K₂S₂O₈溶液（4.91 mmol/L）加入量1.2 mL、NaHSO₃溶液（4.91 mmol/L）加入量1.2 mL、n（K₂S₂O₈）∶n（Fe²⁺）=10、反应时间7 min的条件下,RhB模拟废水（50 mL）的脱色率达到89.45%;超声与Fe²⁺-K₂S₂O₈/NaHSO₃体系对RhB的降解产生了协同效应,降解反应符合表观一级反应动力学,速率常数增强因子可达13.6。自由基猝灭实验结果表明,硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基是攻击RhB 分子的活性自由基,硫酸根自由基起主要作用。     

壳聚糖吸附重金属离子的研究进展

综述了,我国近几年来壳聚糖处理含重金属离子废水的研究进展。壳聚糖及其改性产品的吸附性能主要体现在对各种金属离子的吸附上,为了有选择性地吸附某种或某些金属离子,人们通过修饰、交联、接枝等方法对壳聚糖进行了各种改性研究。     

Application of ion chromatography to the determination of water-soluble inorganic and organic ions in atmospheric aerosols

A simple, sensitive and convenient ion chromatography(IC) method was established for the simultaneous determination of twelve water-soluble inorganic anions(F^-, Cl^-, NO2^-, NO3^-, SO3^2-, SO4^2-, PO4^3- ), and fifteen water-soluble organic ions(formate, acetate, MSA, oxalate, malonate, succinate, phthalates, etc. ) in atmospheric aerosols. The linear concentrations ranged from 0.005 μg/m^3 to 500 μg/m^3 (r = 0.999--0.9999). The relative standard deviation(RSD) were 0.43%--2.00% and the detection limits were from 2.7 ng/m^3 to 88 ng/m^3. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of those inorganic ions and organic ions in PM2.5 of Beijing.     

煤矿城市大气质量评价的变权识别模型的建立及应用研究

利用煤矿城市各评价单元中大气评价因子的污染贡献率确定相应各个因子在各评价单元中的权重,充分体现不同单元内部相同因子之间的客观各异性;实现对属性识别理论模型的改进,建立变权识别模型;建立在有序分割和属性识别准则的功能基础之上的变权识别理论模型信息利用率高,能进行点位排序,划分出更细微的污染程度差别.最后对辽宁阜新矿业城市进行大气质量评价,将所得结果与综合指数法计算结果进行比较分析,给出变权识别模型的适用度,效果良好.     

An individual-based analysis of the dynamics of two coexisting phytoplankton species in the mixed layer

In marine ecosystems ecological and environmental conditions continuously change, possibly supporting the wide range of phytoplankton species coexisting in aquatic environments. Phytoplankton communities are not homogeneously distributed in the water column due to the spatial and temporal variability of turbulent mixing and the concurrent biological response. In this paper an individual-based model (Lagrangian method) simulating the basic physiology of two coexisting phytoplankton species has been developed. The species, sharing the same availability of light and nutrient resource, are characterized by different photo-physiological parameters. The spatial and temporal evolution of turbulent mixing is simulated introducing vertical profiles of measured eddy diffusivity. Three case studies have been examined to analyze the role of environment–individual interactions in determining bloom conditions for both the selected species. The organisms experience recurrent fluctuations of light, temperature, and nutrient concentration gradients, due to the turbulent mixing in the water column, which have significant effects on the growth of the phytoplankton species. In all the numerical experiments, the temporal and spatial variability of different forcings do not support the prevalence of one species over the other over the time scale typical of a phytoplankton bloom.A well mixed water column favours the growth of both the populations while a variable mixing regime limits their growth reducing the photophysiological differences between the species.     

模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤酸化及K，Na，Ca，Mg溶出的影响

在油菜大田栽培的自然生态环境条件下,通过喷淋和土柱淋溶试验,研究不同pH模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤K,Na,Ca和Mg等盐基离子溶出的影响. 结果表明:酸雨喷淋和淋溶后油菜大田土壤和淋滤液的pH明显高于酸雨pH;酸雨pH<3.5时,土壤pH主要受酸雨酸度控制,酸雨胁迫起主要作用;酸雨pH>3.5时,土壤pH主要由土壤盐基量制约,缓冲起主要作用;随着喷淋次数和淋溶量的增加,通过缓冲作用可使油菜大田土壤生态环境有所恢复并趋向一致. K,Na,Ca和Mg的溶出量随酸雨pH,淋溶量和淋溶时间的增加而减小,随油菜群体生长量的增大而增大;4种元素中,Ca溶出量最大且变化最明显,相比之下酸雨对油菜大田中K,Na,Mg的释放影响较微弱.      

Spatiotemporal dynamics in variable population interactions with density-dependent interaction coefficients

In this article, I present a two-patch metapopulation model with locally explicit dynamics to study the effect of spatial heterogeneity and dispersal upon population interactions with variable or conditional outcomes. These are interactions that may be either detrimental or beneficial for each species depending on the balance of the density-dependent costs and benefits involved. The local dynamics respond to density-dependent α-interaction functions that may change sign, thus yielding a diversity of possible local outcomes for the association in terms of type of interaction and in the number of stable solutions. The spatiotemporal model predicts that the fragmentation of space and dispersal between patches may cause further variation in these outcomes. First, the demographic performance of a species in the association is enhanced if migrations cause a proportional increase of individuals of its own species; being so, a victim may become a mutualist or an exploiter, an excluded species may invade, and a good competitor may overcome its own carrying capacity: the ‘enhancement effect of dispersal’; a sort of rescue effect in source-sink dynamics. The underlying mechanisms involve an interplay between density-dependent effects of dispersal per se and the relative local and global average α-interaction functions, which involve costs and benefits at both the local and regional level that may either counteract or reinforce each other; thus, localities and/or populations may change dynamically their sink or source role in the spatial dynamics. A significant insight arises herewith: in the context of variable or conditional interactions the concept of the role of a species does not make strict sense; it becomes a spatiotemporal dynamic quality. Second, regardless of which species disperses, bifurcation of equilibria may occur in those patches that receive the migrating individuals, and annihilation of equilibria in those from where migration leaves; thus, the number of equilibria increases or decreases accordingly.