综合交通枢纽内换乘大厅与相邻商业场所之间的防火分隔研究

为提高资源利用效率,综合交通枢纽建筑的换乘大厅内常常设置相邻商业。商业场所可燃物众多,火灾危险性大,为阻止火灾蔓延而不影响通透性要求,换乘大厅与相邻商业之间经常采用大量的防火卷帘进行分隔。但防火卷帘的可靠性不高,全国不同地区相继出台规定以限制防火卷帘在防火分隔中的使用比例,这给综合交通枢纽大面积换乘大厅内相邻商业的设置带来了一定的困难。以某交通枢纽换乘大厅为例,采用性能化分析的方法,对防火卷帘设置的不同比例下,商业火灾对换乘大厅内人员安全性的影响进行分析论证,得出在采取一定消防措施的前提下,相邻商业场所与交通枢纽换乘大厅之间的防火卷帘宽度占防火分隔总宽度的设置比例可适当增加,在该文的工程案例中可放宽至40%。     

复杂地形对含硫气井应急计划区划分的影响

研究复杂地形对含硫气井应急计划区(EPZ)划分的影响,为高风险油气田的安全生产提供参考。根据含硫气井井口与周边地形的关系,将复杂地形分为3类;选择不同类型复杂地形的3口含硫气井,采用大涡模拟方法模拟不同H2S释放速率、不同风速和风向、不同井喷点火时间的组合条件下H2S大气扩散质量浓度场,积分计算各井H2S毒性负荷的时空分布。在此基础上,研究EPZ半径与H2S释放速率之间的关系,然后建立以H2S释放速率为指标的不同类型复杂地形含硫气井EPZ的划分方法。结果表明第一类模型计算结果明显大于第二类和第三类模型,第三类模型的计算结果最小,此差异随着H2S释放速率增大而愈显著。计算结果合理,方法适用且可行。     

高瓦斯矿井孤岛综放采空区遗煤自燃综合防治技术

针对国阳二矿高瓦斯自燃煤层综放开采的实际情况,分析了"U+Ⅱ"型孤岛综放面采空区遗煤自燃特点及危险性。利用单元法对孤岛面的漏风状况进行了实测,并通过数值模拟分析了综放采空区内的漏风流场,根据采空区自燃"三带"的渗流风速确定了可能自燃带的范围,表明采空区漏风是"U+Ⅱ"型孤岛综放面采空区遗煤自燃的主要危险因素。在此基础上,结合实际情况系统地制定了以有效控制采空区漏风和重点发火区域注胶为主的综合防灭火技术措施,为有效控制综放采空区遗煤自燃,实现矿井高产高效、安全生产提供技术保障。实践表明,运用控制工作面风量与高抽巷负压、均压堵漏、压注胶体防灭火材料及加快工作面推进速度等综合防灭火技术防治高瓦斯矿井"U+Ⅱ"型孤岛综放面采空区遗煤自燃是可行的。     

模糊综合评价在矿井内因火灾评价中的应用

矿井火灾是直接威肋矿井安全生产的主要灾害之一,而矿井火灾又以矿井内因火灾为主。矿井内因火灾的影响因素很多,影响过程也极其复杂。对矿井进行矿井内因火灾安全评价,可以有效识别矿井的火灾危险源和危险源的变化,并对其危险度做出评价,从而为矿井防火安全设计、安全管理提供依据。文中构建了矿井内因火灾评价指标体系的层次结构模型,综合运用模糊综合评价法和层次分析法建立矿井内因火灾模糊综合评价模式。结合实际矿井对其进行安全等级评价,评价结果与实际情况相符。根据评价结果可以采取相应的防灭火措施,为指导矿山安全生产奠定了重要的基础。     

都汶公路高瓦斯隧道施工火源控制关键技术研究

安全控制是高瓦斯隧道监理工作的核心控制内容之一。都（江堰）汶（川）公路高瓦斯隧道断面大,施工倍受瓦斯危害困扰,安全控制难度巨大。而火源则是大断面隧道施工中引起瓦斯燃烧或爆炸的导火索,因而如何遏制火源便成为监理单位抓好安全控制的一大重点。但目前尚无具体先例、方法可循,相关隧道施工规范、监理规范也未对此作出明确的规定。文章通过都汶公路紫坪铺（原名董家山）隧道2005年“12·22”特大瓦斯爆炸事故后的火源监控工作实践,总结出了一套火源监控对策,这对今后类似高瓦斯隧道施工火源控制和推动安全监理技术进步具备较大的借鉴价值。     

复杂山区地形水利水电液氨施工泄漏研究

水电工程中液氨泄漏扩散对周围居民的危害很大,疏散区域划分成为重要的防护措施,但在复杂地形条件下确立准确的疏散区域成为难题。为解决这一难题,通过现场调查所得数据,采用大涡模拟方法对泄漏气体扩散进行模拟,分析氨的泄漏扩散在大气中的扩散规律,研究泄漏气体的扩散动力学演化过程及影响范围,计算泄漏事故中不同时间段影响范围,得出时间序列上的爆炸危险区域和有毒气体影响区域,最后总结分析制定安全防护距离的影响因素,为周边居民安全防护策略提供参考。     

钱家营煤矿火灾系统报警功能的实现

钱家营煤矿火灾系统报警可视化软件,实现了人机对话,并创造性地实现了监视控信息和通风网络信息在立体示意图上图形和数字动态交互显示,实现了井下火灾发生时的声音报警和图示报警功能。     

复杂人机系统班组人误模型与量化分析

讨论一个班组人员行为模型,即包括:任务模型、事件模型、班组模型和人-机交互模型4个模块,并用其模拟和分析事故状态下的运行班组对异常事故的响应过程;利用班组认知过程流程图模型表征事件发展过程中班组成员对事故的征兆识别、决策、计划和行动执行的响应过程;采用CREAM的量化分析技术,对核电站的蒸汽发生器管道破管事故的班组认知失误事件进行量化分析。     

Insuring Southeast Asian commercial forests: Fire risk analysis and the potential for use of data in risk pricing and reduction of forest fire risk

The author uses his own data gleaned from over 10 years of commercial forestry insurance across the world to propose that despite a low intrinsic fire risk across most of Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, commercial fire losses are unacceptably high, and could be reduced substantially within the current financial legal and political framework within which forestry companies operate. Opening with a statement about the dearth of forest fire loss data in the commercial sector, it is observed that the consequent inability of general insurers to estimate the rate of fire loss leads to very low insurance participation in forestry within Indonesia. A summary is then provided of the financial and environmental benefits of insurance participation in commercial forestry were this situation to be changed. A short discussion on risk perceptions is introduced to make the point that without reliable commercial forest fire loss data, risk perceptions of fire exposure in Southeast Asia by the financial sector, including insurers, is a barrier to risk transfer and investment. While real fire risk and perceived fire risk for Indonesia seem at present to be in agreement, the paper challenges that this should the case. Comparisons are made with different parts of the world with the knowledge that, in commercial terms, plantations in the low latitudes behave similarly everywhere in terms of fire causes, fire propagation factors, and characteristics of plantation or managed mixed forest fires. A review of the fire sizes within commercial forests is a good indicator of the efficiency of fire management strategies, and profiles from a high fire risk territory and Indonesia are compared. Using commercial and unidentified data the author then demonstrates that commercial growers in Indonesia have a high annual rate of forest fire loss and may also have a significant catastrophe fire exposure. This ‘cat’ exposure is far greater than for equivalent plantations in clearly higher fire risk environments. These conclusions are and should be discussed with forestry companies to change attitude and investment levels. Practical points for improved plantation fire management are made along with comments about the resources required. A parallel discussion then reviews fire risk assessment and management by the insurers to prevent their own ‘forest fire’ losses if they are to get further involved with the provision of Indonesian commercial forest risk transfer. The explanation of how insurers price risk within a portfolio helps identify the specific data needed for a proper risk management strategy to be developed.     

Evaluation of Central North American Prairie Management Based on Species Diversity, Life Form, and Individual Species Metrics

Abstract:  Reintroduction of fire and grazing, alone or in combination, has increasingly been recognized as central to the restoration of North American mixed-grass and tallgrass prairies. Although ecological studies of these systems are abundant, they have generally been observational, or if experimental, have focused on plant species diversity. Species diversity measures alone are not sufficient to inform management, which often has goals associated with life-form groups and individual species. We examined the effects of prescribed fire, light cattle grazing, and a combination of fire and grazing on three vegetation components: species diversity, groups of species categorized by life-form, and individual species. We evaluated how successful these three treatments were in achieving specific management goals for prairies in the Iowa Loess Hills (U.S.A.). The grazing treatment promoted the greatest overall species richness, whereas grazing and burning and grazing treatments resulted in the lowest cover by woody species. Burning alone best achieved the management goals of increasing the cover and diversity of native species and reducing exotic forb and (predominantly exotic) cool-season grass cover. Species-specific responses to treatments appeared idiosyncratic (i.e., within each treatment there existed a set of species attaining their highest frequency) and nearly half of uncommon species were present in only one treatment. Because all management goals were not achieved by any one treatment, we conclude that management in this region may need refining. We suggest that a mosaic of burning and grazing (alone and in combination) may provide the greatest landscape-level species richness; however, this strategy would also likely promote the persistence of exotic species. Our results support the need to consider multiple measures, including species-specific responses, when planning and evaluating management .