基于CNN_LSTM模型的复杂支路故障电弧检测*

在低压交流配电系统中,当多支路并联的复杂系统的某1支路中出现串联电弧故障时,识别难度大幅提升。为了预防此类情况引发的电气火灾,提出1种卷积神经网络(CNN)与长短时记忆网络(LSTM)结合的串联故障电弧检测方法。首先,搭建实验平台用以采集不同负载在不同支路下发生故障时和正常工作时的干路电流数据;然后,构建CNN_LSTM模型并做出相应改进,将电流数据直接输入到模型中,由模型自主提取波形特征并进行分类。研究结果表明:该方法可以快速、准确地识别出电弧故障,准确率达99.04%以上,且能够较为准确地检测出是哪类负载所在的支路发生电弧故障,准确率达97.90%,可为复杂支路下的电弧故障识别研究提供参考。     

火灾事故时人员避灾策略的研究进展

对火灾事故时人员避灾策略的研究进展进行了评述,介绍了火灾探测技术、火灾中人员进灾的一般行为模式、火灾时最佳避灾路线的选择以及火灾时系统的控制决策等领域的研究现状,并对火灾事故时人员避灾策略的未来发展进行了展望。     

Evaluation of the efficiency of some sediment trapping methods after a Mediterranean forest fire

Forest fires are common in Mediterranean environments and may become increasingly more frequent as the climate changes. Destruction of the forest cover and litter layer leads to greater overland flow and increased erosion rates. The greatest risk occurs during the first rainstorms following a major fire, so local authorities must act quickly to put erosion control methods in place in order to avoid excessive post-fire sediment loads in river channels. Deciding on which methods to use requires accurate knowledge of their impact on sediment load and an estimate of their cost efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Log Debris Dams (LDDs) and a sedimentation basin for their effectiveness in trapping sediments. Paired sub-catchments were studied to quantify the amount of sediments trapped in stream channels by a series of LDDs and a sedimentation basin. Cost efficiency was evaluated for each of the measures as a function of the cost per unit volume of sediments trapped. In addition, grain size analyses were performed to characterise the nature of the sediments trapped. A third sediment trapping method, Log Erosion Barriers (LEBs) was evaluated more superficially than the first two and conclusions regarding this method are tentative. LDDs trapped a mean volume of 1.57 m³ per unit (median = 1.28 m³); mean LDD height was 105.4 cm (std. dev. = 21.9 cm), and mean height of trapped sediments was only 50.0 cm (std. dev. = 22.9 cm), showing that the traps were only half filled. Sediment height was limited by the presence of gaps between logs or branches that allowed runoff to flow through. Comparison of the textural characteristics of slope and trapped sediments showed distinct sorting: particles greater than 20 mm were not mobilised from the slopes during the study period, sediments in the medium to coarse sand size fractions were trapped preferentially by the LDDs, and sediments in the sedimentation basin were enriched by clay and silt sized (<0.050 mm) particles as coarser sediments were trapped upstream by the LDDs. Cost efficiency of LDDs was estimated at about 143 € m⁻³ for the LDDs and 217 € m⁻³ for the sedimentation basin at the time of sampling. The LDDs are therefore a cost effective method of trapping sediments, but they can only be used when pine trees or straight-trunked trees are locally available. In this case, they should be combined with LEBs, which had a cost efficiency estimated at about 250 € m⁻³. Installation of the LEBs had not been optimised and they have the advantage of trapping sediments on the slopes where they can continue to play an ecological role, so this method can give better results with more care. Sedimentation basins can be emptied if necessary and are useful in areas where pine trees are not available and where the site can be secured.     

危废焚烧工程火灾危险性分析及消防系统的选择

为更好地指导危废焚烧工程的消防设计,分析了《危险废物集中焚烧处置工程建设技术规范》(HJ/T 176—2005)、《建筑设计防火规范(2018年版)》(GB 50016—2014)、《石油化工企业设计防火标准(2018年版)》(GB 50160—2008)、《火力发电厂与变电站设计防火标准》(GB 50229—2019)、《钢铁冶金企业设计防火标准》(GB 50414—2018)和《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》(GB 50116—2013)的相关条文,明确了危废焚烧工程重点区域的火灾危险性,对各种火灾报警及灭火系统的适用性进行了对比,并对消防系统的选择提出了建议。     

双火源对隧道火灾临界风速影响的数值研究

为研究双火源隧道火灾所需临界风速的变化规律,利用火灾动力学软件FDS模拟了三种双火源隧道火灾,即两等火源功率的火灾、上风流火源功率较大火灾、上风流火源功率较小火灾。根据各火灾情景下所得临界风速u_(cr),分析两火源距离d、火源功率、上下风流位置关系对临界风速u_(cr)的影响规律。结果表明:随着两火源距离d的增加,所需临界风速u_(cr)逐渐减小,当两者达到临界距离d_x时,临界风速u_(cr)为稳定值,该值由两火源上下风流位置关系和总火源功率共同决定;同种双火源火灾随着总火源功率增大,所需的临界风速u_(cr)增大;随着两火源间距离d增大,各双火源火灾所需临界风速u_(cr)的减小幅度不同;两火源距离d为零时,所需临界风速u_(cr)略大于同火源功率的单火源火灾所需的临界风速。     

森林类型对森林火灾自组织临界性的影响

在真实的森林系统中，由于外界因素的复杂性，森林火灾的自组织临界性要受到影响。森林类型便是影响森林火灾自组织临界性的一个重要因素。本文研究了以密度为控制参数的森林火灾模型以及这个模型在森林密度不同时产生的相变行为，发现对过于稀疏或者过于密集的森林类型，森林火灾的分布会偏离甚至完全背离幂律关系，从而使得自组织临界性不再满足。     

火灾闪燃-现象突变模式之研究

近年来,各国消防学者鉴于多人死亡,火灾惨案不断发生,遂开始深入探讨造成火场内人员死亡之主要原因所在。结果发现：“闪燃现象”是否出现是造成人命伤亡及财物大量损失之关键因素。     

地铁电气火灾中机械方面影响因子系统动力学仿真分析

在揭示地铁电气火灾机械方面影响因子的基础之上,运用系统动力学理论与分析 方法,构建地铁电气火灾机械方面影响因子仿真模型,对各影响因子进行动态预测。通 过对比分析不同因子的安全投入增长率对机械方面安全水平的影响大小,论证安全投入 与系统安全水平的相互关系,总结出最为有效地投资方案。结果为地铁安全管理工作提 供一定的理论指导,有助于提高地铁安全管理决策的科学性和预见性。     

基于安全疏散的高速铁路桥梁救援定点站台设计参数研究

应用安全疏散性能化设计的理论方法,研究了桥梁救援定点疏散站台的尺寸参数 ,以保证设计更为安全、经济、合理。首先,采用FDS软件模拟火灾警戒线随疏散时间 的发展趋势,分析ASET对站台长度的影响;其次,采用EVACNET4软件模拟了列车中部和 端部火灾情境下,乘客在站台的疏散运动,研究站台宽度对疏散时间的影响。结果表明 :从火灾警戒范围考虑,站台长度取值为450 m是经济合理的;有效宽度1.75 m为站台 疏散时间特征变化的分界点,有效宽度为1.75 m时的疏散时间均小于有效宽度为1.5 m 时的疏散时间,而当有效宽度大于1.75 m后,疏散时间的变化不大。研究成果可为救援 定点疏散站台的尺寸设计提供参考和依据。     

安全系统思想内涵及其应用研究*——探讨用安全系统思想实现城市安全发展

为了利用安全科学理论解决城市安全中的现实问题,探讨用安全系统思想实现城 市安全这一复杂系统动态安全,基于安全“三元分形双系统”原理,开展了安全系统思 想内涵及其应用研究。基于安全系统思想内涵,通过分析归纳、总结概括的方法,提出 了用安全系统思想实现城市安全发展这种复杂系统动态安全的关键技术和思路。并结合 城市安全的具体特点,提出了安全发展城市建设的基本步骤。结果显示,用安全系统思 想实现复杂系统动态安全,指导城市安全发展是可行的。