火灾烟气毒性的定量评价方法评述

火灾烟气毒性定量评价是毒理学研究的一个新兴领域.烟气毒性与建筑材料、燃烧条件、烟气毒物在建筑物内的传播规律及暴露时间有关,这些都是传统毒理学评价方法难以解决的问题.烟气毒性定量评价的目的是通过建立数学模型,以最少的动物试验,从宏观上更加定量化、系统化地评价和预测火灾烟气毒性.本文介绍了国外火灾烟气毒性定量评价的标准、烟气定量评价的数学模型,评述了这些模型的适用范围和优缺点,分析了火灾烟气毒性定量评价的发展方向.     

生物铁-复合菌处理牛仔布印染废水

针对生化池1种或几种菌种启动慢、抗冲击负荷能力差和污泥处理效率低的问题,提出用生物铁法结合生物强化技术、投加复合优势菌的处理方法,应用于牛仔布染整废水处理,COD去除率、脱色率分别达到96%、99%,产泥量可减少80%以上,每吨水节约成本60%,吨水处理费用1.6~1.9元,无二次污染,可推广应用。     

Complex property rights and Coasean bargaining in natural resource management

ABSTRACT

This paper contributes to the debate on whether private or common property rights are better for advancing the sustainable management of natural resources. This contest between public and private ownership is often exaggerated, we claim, because in the real world, complex entitlements with varying degrees of privateness/publicness prevail. Property rights belonging to families, companies, clubs, corporations, and communities are simultaneously common to the members/shareholders and private to the entities. We call these entitlements private-common entitlements. When we acknowledge this complexity, it becomes evident that neither private nor common ownership rights are alone responsible for resource depletion. Instead, depletion is caused by freeriding or evading the payment of the full price of natural resources. This invites Coase’s solution to resource allocation. Therefore, the key problem is whether and how Coasean bargaining is employed to allocate ownership over resources threatened by depletion. We contribute to the debate by showing that Coase’s approach promotes not only economically efficient but also ecologically sustainable resource management. Often, this approach would lead to the establishment of largely private property or control rights by largely collective/public entities. We apply this theoretical framework to the development of a ski resort in Pirin Mountain, Bulgaria.     

Methodology for the quantification of toxic dispersions originated in warehouse fires and its application to the QRA in Catalonia (Spain)

A tool for the quantification of the consequences of toxic dispersions coming from fires in warehouses has been developed. This tool is expected to be applied in the framework of the risk assessment in Catalonia, specifically in the Quantitative Risk Assessment. The present study is based on the criteria gathered in the technical guide BEVI 3.2 and the methodology CPR-15 used in the Netherlands. Hence, the approach performed accepts the main body of the foresaid methodology but implements a different and free source dispersion model, a modified Gaussian model that takes into account the warehouse effect. In the work conducted, a historical analysis of accidents involving fire in warehouses has been performed in order to justify the importance of assessing their potential toxic dispersions. Furthermore, the tool has been tested in different case studies providing results that have been compared with other methodologies, observing similar results that can be useful for the stakeholders and decision makers in the framework of the risk assessment.     

受火方式和防火层对梁柱全焊节点抗火性能影响分析

梁柱节点作为钢结构的重要组成部分,在火灾下极易遭到破坏。全焊节点具有较好的塑性变形能力,且抗震性能较好,在高烈度地震地区广泛应用。采用有限元法对梁柱全焊节点抗火性能进行数值模拟,研究不同受火方式下全焊节点的力学行为,揭示不同受火方式时梁柱各节点处温度变化规律,并对比分析有无防火层对全焊节点温度的影响规律。研究结果表明:不同受火方式对全焊节点温度影响较大。节点全部受火时节点各处温度变化曲线基本接近,结构各部位温差较小,整体处于高温状态;梁柱两面受火时受火面温度马上升高,远离受火位置的节点温度升高缓慢,节点各处温差较大。将节点全部受火与不受火进行对比发现,节点全部受火时节点各处应力明显大于不受火情况,温度升高使节点承载能力下降。在柱内壁和梁下侧施加防火层,升温最快的是防火层区域,且有防火层区域节点温度整体低于无防火层节点,对节点施加防火层可以有效降低整体结构升温。     

基于物联网林区火险监警系统方案的探讨

利用传感技术、卫星定位、地理信息、人工智能等物联网相关技术,设计适用于城市森林、自然保护区、旅游景区等环境防火监测系统,系统可对监测区域环境因素尤其火情信息实现区域覆盖、全天候、数字化监测,构建起数字化森林物联网络,可为森林防火提供实时、准确、科学的依据。     

城市公共消防安全风险预警评价体系构建研究

通过运用理论研究方法构建了城市公共消防安全风险预警评价指标体系,结合层次分析法和模糊综合方法构建了城市公共消防安全风险预警评价模型与评价思路,并根据评价的结果提出了加强城市公共消防安全的相关对策建议。     

地铁火灾的防范与疏散

随着地铁业的不断发展,地铁产生的安全问题日渐受到关注,如何有效地预防地铁事故和减少地铁事故所造成的损失已对地铁部门提出了一个严峻挑战.针对具有代表性的地铁火灾事故,分析了地铁火灾事故的特征,并提出相应的预防措施.对地铁火灾事故发生后,如何有效地进行疏散和应急处理给予了论述,对进一步提高对地铁火灾的预防和应急处理能力有指导作用.     

小型化工企业防火安全现状分析及对策

针对温州市2004年严峻的火灾形势,通过对生产和使用危险化学品的小型化工企业现状分析,提出相应的防火安全对策。     

基于模糊数学的火灾安全综合评价模型及应用

火灾每年给我国带来巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡,甚至造成严重的社会影响。基于模糊数学理论和综合评价模型的建模方法,给出火灾危险性的安全综合评价模型,由应用结果可看出该模型简单、易懂,应用方便。对企业的火灾危险性评价可以起到预防火灾的作用。