COMPARATIVE BASES OF INDUSTRY POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND COMMERCIAL INNOVATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Adoption, maintenance, and operation of pollution control technology by manufacturing firms is essential to effective water resource management. In this study of 102 industries, we find that company adoption of pollution control technology and practices is primarily associated with two factors: (1) the overall company capacity for innovation in its production technology; and (2) company relationships with state and federal pollution control agencies, local government officials and professionals. Managerial attitudes about pollution and government regulation are not associated with either pollution control or commercial innovation, but are seen as basic to industry-government relationships. The data suggest an important regulatory dilemma, the problem of regulating a large number of small companies with a low capacity for innovation, but which when taken together account for large volumes of toxic effluent.     

A novel living agricultural concept in urban communities: Family Business Garden

During the process of urbanization, people are subject to the indiscriminate use of resources due to competition. The present trend in global population growth predicts that the situation will be aggravated as many people prefer living in towns and cities to resource-poor rural areas. In consequence, limited space, high percentage of ageing population, urban poverty, environmental pollution, changes in urban lifestyles and varied consumption patterns have to be dealt with in sustainable development strategies. In this context, urban agriculture can play a vital role by visualizing the urban homestead as a potentially viable production unit of agriculture. In order to live with limited urban infrastructure facilities, environmental conditions and socio-economic situations, the concept of the Family Business Garden justifies the necessity of its presence through the experience in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. Having a proper mix of environmental and commercial agricultural concerns, the concept paves the way not only to address family food requirements but also to produce for markets under liberalized economies by promoting agro-entrepreneurship and social capital development attempts in urban communities.     

冰雪道路环境对驾驶人视觉感知特性的影响

为预防冰雪道路环境中驾驶人因视觉感知错误引发交通事故,研究了冰雪道路环境对驾驶人视觉感知特性的影响,选择8名熟练驾驶人作为试验样本,且每2人一组,采用跟车调查的方法采集驾驶人对于自身感知车速和前导车车距的视觉感知信息,并利用非接触车速仪检测2辆跟驰行驶试验车的实际车速与车距,对冰雪条件与非冰雪条件下驾驶人的视觉感知信息进行分析对比。研究结果表明,在冰雪环境中驾驶人视觉感知车速比非冰雪环境中低5%～14%;但当2辆跟驰车辆前后车间距在50 m内时,驾驶人在冰雪环境与在非冰雪环境中行驶时,其视觉感知的车距无显著性差异。     

基于知信行理论的驾驶人风险行为研究

为研究影响驾驶人风险行为的内在机制,基于知信行(KAP)理论,引入个性特质变量,从社会心理学的角度对驾驶人风险行为进行研究。通过问卷调查方法、探索性因素分析及验证性因素分析,探讨驾驶人风险认知、风险态度及人格特质对驾驶人风险行为的影响,构建驾驶人风险行为模型。结果表明:风险认知、风险态度对风险行为显著正相关,感觉寻求人格特质能直接影响驾驶人的风险行为,也能通过风险认知和风险态度的中介作用对风险行为产生影响。校正驾驶人对风险的认知与态度能够干预并改变驾驶人的风险行为。     

交通信号倒计时对车速与交通安全的影响

研究交通信号倒计时对自由流车速及交通安全的影响。选择城市道路交叉口,使用雷达测速设备采集进口道自由流车速等数据。运用描述统计、方差分析、列联表等统计方法,进行数据分析。数据显示,仅考虑单因素影响时,交通违法检测设备存在与否对车速均值有显著影响,而绿灯信号倒计时则无显著影响;考虑多因素相互影响时,在有绿灯信号倒计时但无交通违法检测设备的情况下,车辆速度均值会更高,且绿灯倒计时会对超速率产生影响。红灯倒计时对车速离散程度有明显的影响。结果表明,使用绿灯信号倒计时应同时安装交通违法检测设备,红灯倒计时路口应确保充分的绿灯间隔时间。     

大型商业建筑人员整体疏散与层次疏散效率对比模拟研究

大型商业建筑人员密度高,疏散环境复杂,火灾条件下人员疏散困难,疏散过程中易发生楼梯口拥堵,而造成疏散效率降低。本文针对大型商业建筑人员逃生疏散过程中大部分时间被耗用在聚集楼梯口等待这一实际问题,应用Building EXDOUS安全疏散软件对某购物广场进行数值模拟分析,通过对比整体疏散和层次疏散两种疏散方式,发现层次疏散较之整体疏散时间大为缩短,人员在楼梯口等待时间显著降低,疏散效率明显提高,进而完善了大型商业性建筑内疏散策略。     

某连通型地下空间商业开发对既有地铁车站疏散能力影响

为避免或降低连通型地下空间商业开发对车站疏散带来不利影响,基于地铁车站现场调研数据,利用仿真软件模拟了某连通型地下空间商业开发前后车站的疏散过程,分析了该地下空间商业开发对既有地铁车站疏散能力的影响,并针对不利影响提出了对策措施。研究结果表明:当地下空间与车站之间的防火卷帘不落下时,商业开发虽然对站台层的疏散无影响,但会增加与地下空间相邻2个出口的疏散人数,导致2个出口产生拥堵,增加了疏散时间;车站和商场可以通过工作人员或利用广播引导乘客向各出口均匀疏散的手段来降低商业开发带来的不利影响。提出的研究方法可以评估连通型空间开发对车站疏散能力的影响,为此类商业开发的设计提供参考。     

Implications of head and neck restraint test repeatability for specification improvement

Objective: Since 2005, National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, Incorporated (NASCAR) drivers have been required to use a head and neck restraint system (HNR) that complies with SFI Foundation, Inc. (SFI) 38.1. The primary purpose of the HNR is to control and limit injurious neck loads and head kinematics during frontal and frontal oblique impacts. The SFI 38.1 performance specification was implemented to establish a uniform test procedure and minimum standard for the evaluation of HNRs using dynamic sled testing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of the current SFI 38.1 test setup and explore the effects of a polyester seat belt restraint system.

Method: Eight sled tests were conducted using the SFI 38.1 sled test protocol with additional test setup constraints. Four 0° frontal tests and 4 30° right frontal (RF) oblique tests were conducted. The first 3 tests of each principal direction of force (PDOF) used nylon SFI 16.1 seat belt restraint assemblies. The fourth test of each PDOF used polyester SFI 16.6 seat belt restraint assemblies. A secondary data set (Lab B Data) was also supplied by the HNR manufacturer for further comparisons. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 18571 objective comparison method was used to quantify the repeatability of the anthropomorphic test device (ATD) resultant head, chest, and pelvis acceleration and upper neck axial force and flexion extension bending moment time histories across multiple tests.

Results: Two data sets generated using the SFI 38.1 test protocol exhibited large variations in mean ISO scores of ATD channels. The 8 tests conducted with additional setup constraints had significantly lower mean ISO score coefficients of variation (CVs). The Lab B tests conducted within the current specification but without the additional test setup constraints had larger mean ISO score standard deviation and CV for all comparisons. Specifically, tests with the additional setup constraints had average CVs of 3.3 and 2.9% for the 0° and 30° RF orientations, respectively. Lab B tests had average CVs of 22.9 and 24.5%, respectively. Polyester seat belt comparisons had CVs of 5.3 and 6.2% for the 0° and 30° RF orientations, respectively.

Conclusion: With the addition of common test setup constraints, which do not violate the specification, the SFI 38.1 test protocol produced a repeatable test process for determining performance capabilities of HNRs within a single sled lab. A limited study using polyester webbing seat belt assemblies versus the nylon material called for in SFI 38.1 indicates that the material likely has less effects on ATD upper neck axial force and flexion extension bending moment time histories than the test setup freedom currently available within the specification. The additional test setup constraints are discussed and were shown to improve ATD response repeatability for a given HNR.     

城市商业综合体人群聚集踩踏风险及监测预警研究—以西单大悦城为例

城市商业综合体是人群聚集场所,一旦发生拥挤踩踏事故, 可能造成大量人员伤亡和恶劣的社会影响,是目前城市商业综合体管理的重要问题之一。通过对人群聚集踩踏风险影响因素及监测预警原理分析,考虑室内商业综合体和开放型公共场所监测预警系统构建的差异性,建立客流预警与应急指挥系统模型;以西单大悦城为实例进行应用和验证,研究结果表明:建立的客流预警与应急指挥系统能够提升商业综合体的监测预警和应急决策效率,进一步加强重点区域或场所的精细化管理,对预防城市商业综合体人群聚集踩踏事故具有重要意义。     

基于AHP的列车司机非技术技能综合评价模型

列车司机的非技术技能对保证驾驶安全、降低人因事故发生概率有至关重要的影响。为了客观、准确地评价列车司机的非技术技能,从决策能力、人际能力、自我管理和情景意识4个维度通过问卷对非技术技能的指标进行筛选,得到11个列车司机非技术技能指标;然后使用层次分析法建立非技术技能综合评价递阶层次模型,为了获得各层指标权重,结合群决策方法建立各层的判断矩阵,获得各层指标的权重,最终构建了列车司机非技术技能综合评价模型。该模型既可以分析导致人因事故的非技术技能因素,也能够用于列车司机的评价、选拔和培训。