中国人为源颗粒物排放现状与趋势分析

利用排放因子法,基于电力、工业、民用、交通等部门的活动水平和排放因子,建立了2000年和2005年中国分省、分部门、分粒径的颗粒物（PM）排放清单.利用情景分析法,基于能源预测,分析了在不同颗粒物控制方案下2010～2030年中国颗粒物的排放趋势.结果表明,我国2005年的总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）、可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的排放量分别是29.98、15.30和9.79 Mt, 2000～2005年间的排放增长率分别是3.4%、4.7%和5.4%.在现有政策情景下,我国2030年TSP和PM_2.5的排放量分别是23.06和10.59 Mt,工业锅炉成为最大的颗粒物排放源.通过提高能源利用效率,2030年可在基准情景基础上TSP和PM_2.5分别减排15%和16%;通过增大执法力度,2015年可再减排25%的TSP和10%的PM_2.5排放,之后通过加严排放标准,推广高效除尘装置的应用,2030年TSP和PM_2.5可再减排21%和19%,其排放量分别达到13.81和6.88 Mt.颗粒物的综合控制措施应覆盖电厂、工业、民用等各个领域,从提高能效、保证执法、强化政策3个方面着手.     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from different zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five different land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using the ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The highest metal concentration level was detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy traffic. While the lowest metal level was noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) ＞ Cu (73.34%) ＞ Mn (67.92%) ＞ Co (41.66%) ＞ Ni (30.36%) ＞ Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, traffic, and industry.     

京津冀地区气溶胶季节变化及与云量的关系

利用2000年3月—2008年2月中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的卫星资料,分析了京津冀平原地区大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和气溶胶细粒子组分比率(FMF)的时空分布特征. 结果表明:通过AOD与FMF的组合特征可判别气溶胶季节变化特征.冬、春季以粗粒子为主,但冬季AOD偏小,而在春季急剧增大;夏、秋季均以细粒子为主,但夏季AOD达到最大,秋季较小. 大气环流和气流后向轨迹分析表明,冬季到达北京的气流以西北冷空气为主,西北路径的气流轨迹占冬季气流轨迹总数的67%;春季主要受偏西、西北及偏北气流影响,这3类对沙尘天气有贡献的气流轨迹占春季气流轨迹总数比例之和达到60%;夏季主要以偏南气流和局地环流占优,这2类气流轨迹分别占夏季气流轨迹总数的52%和34%;秋季气流轨迹与春季的相似,但途经沙源的气流传输速度较春季慢.京津冀平原地区夏季AOD与云量(CF)呈正相关,AOD增加,特别是细粒子增加可能导致局地云量增多.      

A~2/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的分形结构与理化特征分析

采用图像法和沉降柱法分别研究了A2/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的形貌、粒度分布、低维分形维数和沉降速率、有效密度、空隙率以及质量分形维数,并尝试探讨了上述相关性质与这些污泥宏观操作性质(沉降、压缩、脱水和稳定性)相关的各种理化指标以及胞外高分子物质(EPS)的含量之间的变化关系.结果表明,污泥絮体呈现不规则的形貌,表面具有空隙.其有效密度一般随着其粒径的增加而降低,而空隙率和沉降速率却呈现与有效密度相反的变化趋势,这些均表明了污泥絮体的分形结构的存在.2次所采集的污泥絮体的中位直径分别为248.81、332.86μm,有效密度的平均值分别为0.0040、0.0072g·cm-3,自由沉降速率的平均值分别为2.67、4.79mm·s-1,空隙率的平均值分别为0.94、0.89,一维分形维数分别为1.03、1.19,二维分形维数分别为1.64、1.84,采用基于Logan经验公式的有效密度-最大直径的双对数关系确定的质量分形维数分别为1.74、2.29.尽管第2次所采集的污泥絮体较为密实,但其表面粗糙程度却比第1次的低.此外,研究中发现絮凝能力较高或负电荷较高的A2/O好氧污泥絮体具有高的SVI和ZSV值;分形维数较低...     

北京市家具生产企业职业危害抽样调查

本文从北京市家具生产企业最多的区县中,有针对性地选择其中的18家企业进行现场抽样调查,并对其中的11家进行现场检测,研究北京市家具生产企业职业危害现状,通过现场调查和检测结果表明:北京市家具生产企业的管理者对职业危害的重视程度有所提高,但是从业者的自我保护意识仍然淡漠;生产环境不令人满意,作业场所粉尘超标严重;毒物浓度得到较好控制,主要毒物为苯及苯的同系物。该研究可为有关管理部门制定管理政策提供依据。     

基于星座图法的湖北省农业功能分区

农业功能分区是准确把握县域农业功能定位、推动区域农业功能拓展和向现代农业转型的基础工作。旨在探索运用一种新的分类方法即星座图法在农业功能分区中的应用。剖析现代农业的功能定位问题,从农产品供应、就业与社会保障、生态调节和文化传承与休闲4大类综合功能选取30个定量指标和2个定性指标,构建了湖北省农业功能分区指标体系。采用星座图法,根据星座图中各星点的位置,确定各县（市）单项功能的分等类型;并以此为基础结合分区单元的实际地理位置和社会经济及环境现状,作出湖北省农业功能分区方案。分区结果以县级行政区域为分区单元,按照农业功能分区的基本原则,湖北省分4个农业主导功能区,各主导功能区分为3个二级区共12个二级农业功能区     

基于拉曼光谱的铅致肝细胞生物分子变化研究

利用拉曼光谱技术采集不同铅离子暴露时间(0.5,1.5,3,6,12,24h)、暴露浓度(0.05,0.1,0.5,1,5mg/L)下HepG2细胞的光谱数据,欲探究在不同铅暴露条件下肝细胞的分子变化及其相关机制.研究结果发现,在不同条件下各组细胞的光谱形态基本相同,但部分特征峰的吸光度强度存在差异.经多元统计分析发现,除6h外,同一暴露时间下不同暴露浓度细胞的光谱数据在LD1上均存在离散趋势,并在暴露24h时最明显.细胞内蛋白质、脂质、核酸、类胡萝卜素、碳水化合物等生物分子的特征峰表现出明显差异,但不同类型生物分子发生显著变化的时间并不相同.由此可见铅暴露可损伤肝细胞蛋白质、脂质、核酸、类胡萝卜素的结构并影响其正常功能,这种毒性效应呈剂量-效应关系,且随暴露时间的增加而增加.本研究说明拉曼光谱可以实现铅对肝细胞生物分子变化的相关检测,这不仅为之后的细胞毒理研究提供了新的思路,同时也为环境污染物的安全评价提供了理论依据.     

Applying Hierarchical Loglinear Models to Nonfatal Underground Coal Mine Accidents for Safety Management

Underground mining is considered to be one of the most dangerous industries and mining remains the most hazardous occupation. Categorical analysis of accident records may present valuable information for preventing accidents. In this study, hierarchical loglinear analysis was applied to occupational injuries that occurred in an underground coal mine. The main factors affecting the accidents were defined as occupation, area, reason, accident time and part of body affected. By considering subfactors of the main factors, multiway contingency tables were prepared and, thus, the probabilities that might affect nonfatal injuries were investigated. At the end of the study, important accident risk factors and job groups with a high probability of being exposed to those risk factors were determined. This article presents important information on decreasing the number accidents in underground coal mines.     

Quantitative risk analysis of urban natural gas pipeline networks using geographical information systems

This paper presents a novel quantitative risk analysis process for urban natural gas pipeline networks using geographical information systems (GIS). The process incorporates an assessment of failure rates of integrated pipeline networks, a quantitative analysis model of accident consequences, and assessments of individual and societal risks. Firstly, the failure rates of the pipeline network are calculated using empirical formulas influenced by parameters such as external interference, corrosion, construction defects, and ground movements. Secondly, the impacts of accidents due to gas leakage, diffusion, fires, and explosions are analyzed by calculating the area influenced by poisoning, burns, and deaths. Lastly, based on the previous analyses, individual risks and social risks are calculated. The application of GIS technology helps strengthen the quantitative risk analysis (QRA) model and allows construction of a QRA system for urban gas pipeline networks that can aid pipeline management staff in demarcating high risk areas requiring more frequent inspections.