生态补偿助力脱贫攻坚：协同、拮抗与对接

中央政府提出的“生态补偿脱贫一批”标志着生态补偿扶贫正逐步成为我国打赢脱贫攻坚战的重要途径之一。2020年是脱贫攻坚战的决胜之年，生态补偿如何有效助力脱贫攻坚成为研究的热点。本文以实践与政策为导向，运用文献研究法和逻辑分析法，在厘清生态补偿扶贫理念形成与发展的基础上，解析生态补偿与脱贫攻坚之间存在的协同效应和拮抗效应。研究发现生态补偿与脱贫攻坚在地理空间位置、实施主客体、标准、方式和途径等方面相耦合容易产生协同效应，在价值诉求、农户资源禀赋、政府部门工作等方面矛盾产生拮抗效应。生态补偿有效助力脱贫攻坚的关键在于构建对接机制以强化协同效应、弱化或去除拮抗效应。为此，通过建立精准的瞄准制度、稳定脱贫的长效机制、政府部门内部生态补偿扶贫协调机制等举措，构建生态补偿与脱贫攻坚的对接机制，以促进二者高效协同发展。     

Disentangling horizontal pay dispersion: Experimental evidence

Although horizontal pay dispersion has been explored extensively using cross‐sectional field methods, it has received little attention using the control available through experimental designs. Many of the questions relevant to pay dispersion research can be addressed by taking an individual‐level experimental approach because this allows for clean separation of pay policies and individual effects. In this paper, we hypothesize both the motivation‐based and affect‐based effects of pay dispersion policies and test our hypotheses with a sample of over 400 participants in a real‐pay, real‐effort experiment. Results of the experiment provide support that two pay dispersion‐related pay policies, performance‐based pay dispersion and allocation criteria, have unique effects. Whereas motivation and performance effects are direct, pay satisfaction and interest in continuing work effects are the result of interactions, incorporating the performance level of workers. In follow‐up analyses, we find evidence that the temporal nature of responses to pay dispersion should be incorporated into future studies of pay dispersion.     

试论环境侵害损害赔偿中的行政调解

论述了环境侵害损害赔偿中应用行政调解的特点、效力等问题，具有一定的现实意义。     

外部性视角下的节水灌溉技术补偿标准核算——基于选择实验法

合理的补偿标准是节水灌溉技术补偿政策的核心,也是促进农户技术采用的关键内容。论文以石羊河下游民勤县为例,通过选择实验调研和RPL（Random Parameters Logit）模型估计,量化了节水灌溉技术采用的外部效益,并结合特定技术与农户谈判能力讨论了兼顾公平与效率的补偿标准。结果表明：民勤县城乡居民均希望实施节水灌溉技术来改善生态环境,技术采用的外部效益约为1 052.25元/hm²;以膜下滴灌技术为例,合理的补偿标准应在789.15元/hm²左右。从现行政策看,过低的补贴标准难以保障农户切身利益,导致政策响应不足。据此建议,完善成本收益核算体系,将技术采用的外部效益纳入补偿标准的核算中,提升补偿政策的公平性,同时也要根据技术类型及其采用面积进行精准化补偿,保障资金有效利用。     

京津冀地区雾霾污染生态补偿标准研究

以京津冀地区雾霾污染作为研究对象,采用京津冀地区2006—2015年雾霾污染的空间面板数据,引入大气污染物减排成本模型,比较了京津冀各地区雾霾污染治理成本高低;继而基于机会成本法,核算了京津冀地区雾霾污染生态补偿标准.结果表明:河北省雾霾治理成本显著低于北京市和天津市,由河北省承担更多的雾霾污染治理任务,能使京津冀地区雾霾污染治理成本达到最小化;在京津冀地区联合治理雾霾污染过程中,河北省因限制工业增长对其经济发展带来负面影响,因此,北京市和天津市应给予河北省相应的生态补偿.最后依据研究结论提出完善区域联防联控机制的政策建议,如成立跨区域联合治理机构,健全雾霾污染生态补偿立法,设立雾霾污染生态补偿专项基金等,以此来促进京津冀地区雾霾污染生态补偿方案顺利实施.     

一起氨制冷系统管道断裂事故的原因分析

制冷系统的库房回气管道发生了断裂失效,断裂位置在环焊缝中心且断口平整,焊缝存在未焊透缺陷。管道采用管束整体发泡保温,增加了管道的刚性,不利于管道的位移补偿。通过对管道材质进行分析,化学成分和力学性能符合设计要求。对管道受力状态进行分析并进行应力计算,结果表明,管道焊接接头未焊透,削弱了焊接接头的承载能力。管道在"冷缩"时不能补偿而产生较大的拉应力,导致在管道强度薄弱的焊接接头处发生断裂失效。     

哈尔滨磨盘山水源保护区生态补偿机制的研究

磨盘山水库已成为哈尔滨市人民重要的饮用水源地。解决保护区农药和化肥等造成的面源污染问题的重要措施就是要在这一地区发展建设无任何污染的有机食品基地,这对农民在一定时期内可能会造成局部和暂时的利益损失,因此,必须要有生态补偿机制,才能使保护区发展有机食品成为可行。本文为此疑出了建立磨盘山水源地保护区生态补偿机制的方法及相关措施。     

生态补偿机制及模式研究进展

详细综述了生态补偿机制概念、理论基础、补偿标准、补偿模式及国内外生态补偿实践经验等方面的研究进展。发现外部性的内部化是生态补偿的关键和环境经济学基础,其核心问题包括：谁补偿谁,补偿多少以及如何补偿。通过回顾美国、欧洲发达国家与中国、拉丁美洲发展中国家在实施生态补偿过程中采取的各种措施,发现生态学与经济学理论已经逐渐融入生态补偿的研究之中。在此基础上,指出了国内生态补偿的科研和实践中有待解决的问题,最后提出了包括补偿的法律机制、补偿经济标准、政策制定等方面的建议。     

Assessing disabling and non-disabling injuries and illnesses using accepted workers compensation claims data to prioritize industries of high risk for Oregon young workers

Introduction: Young workers are especially vulnerable to occupational injuries and illnesses. There is a continued need to investigate injury burden among young workers across demographics and industry to inform targeted interventions. Workers compensation (WC) claims are important for quantifying work-related injuries and illnesses, however published studies have focused on disabling claims. This study extended previous research on Oregon young workers by including the most recent WC claims data to identify patterns of injury and high risk industries. Methods: We obtained all accepted disabling claims (N = 13,360) and a significant portion of non-disabling claims (N = 24,660) on workers aged 24 years and under from 2013 to 2018. Claim count, rate and cost were calculated by year, age, gender, industry, and injury type. A prevention index (PI) method was used to rank industries in order to inform prevention efforts. Results: Average annual disabling and non-disabling claim rates were 111.6 and 401.3 per 10,000 young workers. Workers aged 19–21 (disabling: 119.0 per 10,000 and non-disabling: 429.3) and 22–24 years (115.7 and 396.4) and male workers (145.3 and 509.0) had higher claim rates than workers aged 14–18 (80.6 and 297.0) and female workers (79.8 and 282.9). The most frequent injury types were “struck by/against” (35.6%) and “work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs)” (19.5%). High risk industries included agriculture, construction, and manufacturing for both genders combined. For female young workers, the highest risk industry was healthcare. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the added value of non-disabling WC claims data. Using both disabling and non-disabling data and PI method, agriculture, construction, manufacturing and healthcare industries were identified as priority workplaces to prevent common and costly injuries among Oregon young workers. Practical Applications: While the industries identified are considered hazardous for all workers, findings in this study can guide targeted research and prevention efforts specific to young workers.