改性壳聚糖CAD与微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配絮凝研究

采用水溶液自由基聚合反应,将丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)接枝到壳聚糖分子上制成了阳离子改性壳聚糖(CAD).经FT-IR、XRD、zeta(ξ)电位、凝胶色谱等分析确定,CAD为淡黄色透明液体,pH值为3.7,相对分子质量为2.88×10⁶,阳离子度为16.7,等电点(0.1%溶液)约为pH值10.5,有效成分2.6%,主要特征官能团有羟基、氨基、季铵基和酰胺基, 呈不规则晶体结构.将CAD与相对分子质量3.67×10⁵的多糖类电负性微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配,对浊度12~460 NTU、离子强度3.0 mmol·L^-1的高岭土悬浊液进行烧杯实验.结果表明,MBF8与CAD的最佳使用方式为先投加MBF8后投加CAD,复配比5:3时效果最好,适用的pH范围为6.0~10.0.采用PAC(3.0 mg·L^-1)+MBF8+CAD(1.0 mg·L^-1)复配絮凝,pH=8.0下,对浊度为110 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,浊度去除率>97%,残余铝<0.08 mg·L^-1,絮体大、沉降快,絮凝效果优于PAC+分子量800万、1200万的阴离子PAM及分子量1500万的阳离子PAM.     

不同Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥异化铁还原及除磷影响研究

以SBBR反应器活性污泥作为铁还原菌菌种来源,采用兼性厌氧/严格厌氧恒温培养试验,投加不同Fe(Ⅲ)考察各条件下的异化铁还原能力同时比较对磷的去除效果.结果表明:2种条件下Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力具有较好的一致性,依次为:Fe(OH)3＞氧化铁皮＞青矿＞红矿,其中严格厌氧条件下较好.同时,除磷效果与其呈正相关,富集培养至7d,Fe(OH)3及氧化铁皮体系出水磷浓度均达到2mg/L以下,之后继续降低,最终达到0.5mg/L以下.结合异化铁还原除磷机理,可以证明,不同Fe(Ⅲ)表面吸附作用对TP的去除贡献较小,其主要作用为铁还原菌驱动下的化学沉淀去除.     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

蔗渣垫料在零排放发酵床养猪中的应用研究

目前微生物发酵床养猪垫料是选用木屑、谷壳作为原料,来实现零排放养猪。文章选用农业固体废弃物——蔗渣为垫料应用于零排放漏缝发酵床养猪,跟踪了3个月垫料在实际使用中的温度、有机质、氮、磷、钾、微生物指标,对蔗渣的使用效果进行了评价,并建立PCR反应体系来扩增DNA,利用PCR-DGGE技术对垫料中的微生物群落多样性进行研究。结果表明:蔗渣作为垫料,能使垫床温度控制在40⁶5℃之间,保证了良好的发酵效果、且有效活菌数达到0.22×109cfu/g,可以对猪粪便等有机质进行较彻底的消解,因此蔗渣可以作为一种垫料应用于零排放漏缝发酵床;垫料中总养分达到1.371 7%,使用后的垫料可以作为一种原料生产生物有机肥。     

燃煤电厂电-袋复合式除尘器优化控制的仿真运行研究

以电-袋复合式除尘器为仿真研究对象,在Windows界面下利用Visual Basic6．0编程语言开发出燃煤电厂电-袋复合式除尘器优化控制的仿真运行软件。该软件通过建立数学模型,进行仿真实验,模拟工况变化、优化运行参数等对电-袋复合除尘系统进行整体的优化控制,并综合分析电-袋复合除尘器运行过程中的能耗以及运行费用,对运行电压、电流、运行阻力、喷吹周期等参数进行了优化。该仿真软件达到了电一袋除尘系统的节能降耗的目的,同时也降低了电～袋复合除尘器的运行成本。     

区域空气质量模拟中查表法的应用研究

在自行开发完善的区域空气质量模式系统RegSRRMS中应用查表法,模拟中国典型城市群对流层大气主要污染物的浓度变化,评估该方法在大气复合污染事件预测和控制中的有效性.首先,利用具有国际先进水平的空气质量模式WRF-CHEM中的化学模块建立了包含完善气相化学、气溶胶过程的箱模式WRFBOX.其次,利用WRFBOX进行化学反应敏感性分析,基于影响污染物的重要因子分别建立了臭氧(O3)及其前体物、无机盐气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)查算表数据库,并检验其有效性.最后,将此查算表数据库引入RegSRRMS,建立简化的查表算法.利用直接耦合机制法和查表法对2000年3月珠三角地区污染个例中主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟.通过比较2种方法的模拟结果,显示查表法计算效率提高了57%,能够反映大气光化学反应的非线性特征、气溶胶及其前体物的平衡关系,具有高分辨率、高时效性,能够方便快捷地给出源和受体之间的响应关系,结果可靠.在区域空气质量模式中应用查表法有利于大气污染事件的快速预测以及大气污染控制的快速决策.     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH3. The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O2 was studied in this work. The results show that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99, 0.01-0.13, and 0 for NO, O2 and NH3, respectively, at 350-450℃. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N2 and H2O. Gaseous O2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process. It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH3.     

利用PCR-DGGE溯源典型农村塘坝饮用水中的污染

以华南地区典型农村塘坝饮用水为研究对象,采用基于大肠杆菌的两种特异性基因(β-D-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因uidA和膜外周磷通道蛋白编码基因phoE)的群体差异分析(PCR-DGGE),对饮用水中的污染情况进行了溯源研究.结果表明,采用富集培养的混合菌体DNA作为模板扩增大肠杆菌特异性基因更加实用.uidA和phoE的引物均...     

响应面法优化复合微生物吸附剂对低浓度Cr3+的吸附

根据已有4种微生物吸附剂的吸附基团存在的差异特征,将其复配成复合吸附剂,借助统计学方法研究其对低ρ(Cr3+)废水的吸附性能.在单因素试验基础上,利用P-B(Plackett-Burman)法筛选出吸附过程4个主要影响因素分别为pH,初始ρ(Cr3+)及微生物吸附剂XB和TQ的投加量,应用最陡爬坡试验接近主要因素最优水平,采用Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面分析得到对低浓度Cr3+吸附过程的二阶模型.结果表明,最优吸附条件为pH 4.0,初始ρ(Cr3+)为4.86mg/L,XB和TQ的投加量分别为0.20和0.13 g/L,实际吸附率达到87.54%,与理论预测值(87.68%)接近,且高出单一吸附剂吸附率7.79%～17.35%.FT-IR扫描显示,复合微生物吸附剂性能提高与表面基团增多有关.通过响应面分析法优化复合微生物吸附,吸附性能明显提高.