柱形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程的火焰传播模拟

为研究连通容器内气体爆炸规律,采用Fluent(经典流体动力学软件)对柱形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程进行模拟,模拟了不同点火位置和火焰传播方向条件下连通容器内火焰传播过程和压力变化,并分析了连通容器内不同时刻的速度场.结果表明:火焰面在传播过程中并非完全对称,当火焰到达传爆容器后,湍流燃烧剧烈,火焰不规则变形显著;端面点火后在传爆容器内产生的压力峰值和压力波动比中心点火时更大;当起爆容器为大容器时,传爆容器内气体预压缩程度更大,压力峰值更高.     

两种Keggin型有机-无机混配物的结构及催化消除甲醇的研究

为了寻找高效消除挥发性有机污染物的新材料,克服单纯杂多酸催化剂催化性能低、稳定性差的缺点,采用水热法合成了两种新的具有Keggin型杂多酸骨架的有机-无机混配配合物单晶,分别为(4-C6H7N)2(4-C6H8N)3PW12O40·H2O(配合物1)和(4-C5H7N2)3(PW12O40) ·5H2O(配合物2),用X-射线单晶衍射、红外光谱、紫外光谱、差热-热重进行了表征.配合物1和2由1个Keggin型PW12O40阴离子与有机配体4-甲基吡啶或4-氨基吡啶组成,并通过广泛的氢键作用在空间上无限延展形成超分子网络结构.配合物1为单斜晶系,晶胞参数为:a=16.0569(10)(A),b=19.8781(17)(A),c=18.4728(15)(A),α=90.00°,β=98.384(7)°,γ=90.00°.配合物2为单斜晶系,晶胞参数为:a=11.8880(9)(A),b=20.0148(15)(A),c=25.495(2)(A),α=90.00°,β=96.279(5)°,γ=90.00°.在流动催化反应体系中,探讨了该两种配合物催化消除甲醇的能力.体系流速为10mL/min,甲醇初始质量浓度为3.0g/m3,配合物1在150℃时对甲醇的消除率达到85.25％,配合物2在140℃对甲醇的消除率达到53.00％.     

Ignition hazard evaluation on A2L refrigerants in situations of service and maintenance

To restrict the progress of the global warming, A2L refrigerants such as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf), (Z/E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234ze), and difluoromethane (R32) have been expected of alternatives to the standard refrigerants currently in use. The ignition hazard of A2L refrigerants under plausible accident situations in service and maintenance was examined experimentally for two cases: leakage of an A2L refrigerant from a pinhole in a pipe or hose (Scenario 1), and leakage of an A2L refrigerant into an item of equipment used for service and maintenance, such as a collection device (Scenario 2). In Scenario 1, the location of the flammable zone and the possibility of a jet flame being formed instantaneously on contact with an ignition source were examined. Even when R1234yf leaked from a 4 mmϕ pinhole (corresponding to breakage of a pipe), the flammable zone extended only about 10 cm from the pinhole in the downstream region. In an ignition test with a continuous spark as the ignition source, a pale emission appeared only near the spark, and the flame did not propagate to the rest of the refrigerant jet. In Scenario 2, the accumulation and ignition behaviors of A2L refrigerants in a model collection device were examined experimentally. Ignition and flame propagation occurred in a test on a model collection device lacking slits, whereas when slits wider than 20 mm were present, ignition and flame propagation did not occur. Even if R1234yf leaked into the model collection device, provided that slits of an effective width were present, the R1234yf could diffuse through slits and barely accumulated, and no ignition or flame propagation occurred.     

Theoretical estimation of the lower flammability limit of fuel-air mixtures at elevated temperatures and pressures

We present an approach for predicting the lower flammability limits of combustible gas in air. The influence of initial pressure and temperature on lower flammability limit has been examined in this study. The lower flammability limits of methane, ethylene and propane in air are estimated numerically at the pressure from one to 100 bar and the temperature from ambient to 1200 K. It was found that the predicted LFLs of methane, ethylene and propane decrease slightly with the elevated pressure at the high temperature. The LFLs variation for methane-air mixture is 0.17, 0.18, 0.18 volume% with the initial pressure from one to 100  bar at the initial temperature of 800 K, 1000 K and 1200 K respectively, which is significantly higher than that at lower temperature. And the LFL of methane-air mixture at 1200 K and 100 bar reaches 1.03 volume% which is much lower than that at 1 bar and ambient temperature. On the other hand, the LFLs variation is 0.11–0.12 volume% for ethylene-air mixture and 0.06–0.07 volume% for propane-air mixture with the initial temperature from 800 K to 1200 K at the same range of pressure. The LFL values at high temperatures and pressures represent higher risk of explosion.     

Extinguishment of hydrogen laminar diffusion flames by water vapor in a cup burner apparatus

Transient computations with full hydrogen chemistry were performed to reveal the flame structure and extinguishment process of co-flow, hydrogen diffusion flame suppressed by water vapor. As the concentration of water vapor was increased, the flame detached away from the burner brim and formed an edge flame at the flame base. Water vapor showed larger chemical inhibition effect than nitrogen when extinguishing hydrogen flame, which was attributed to its enhanced third body effect in the reaction H + O₂ + M = HO₂ + M. The minimum extinguishing concentration (MEC) of water vapor and nitrogen was predicted by Senecal formula and perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) model respectively. The MECs predicted by PSR model agree with the MECs calculated by Fluent, which shows that 1) the flame extinction is controlled by the flame base, and 2) radiation absorption is negligible. The measured MECs are in a reasonable agreement with the values calculated by Fluent, which demonstrates the accuracy of the CFD model. A simple model was used to investigate the relative importance of extinguishing mechanisms of water vapor. The results show that in a co-flow configuration the thermal cooling and chemical inhibition effect are the main extinguishing mechanisms in suppressing hydrogen diffusion cup burner flame.     

山东省经济发展与环境保护关系的计量分析

经济增长与环境污染之间的关系常用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）来描述。典型的EKC一般量倒U形。本文选取1988-2002年的山东省环境与经济数据．建立单位GDP污染排放量横型和人均GDP污染排放量模型,对山东省经济发展与环境保护之间的关系进行了计量与分析。通过单位GDP污染负荷模型分析发现。单位GDP的污染负荷量下降态势。这说明山东省产业结构调整已产生明显成效。通过人均GDP污染排放量模型发现．山东省的EKC不完全符合典型的库兹涅茨曲线特征。呈显着的三次曲线特点。其中,工业废水曲线为“U＋倒U”形．两个转折点的理论计算值分别为3416元和9975元。废气与固废曲线近似于倒U形EKC的左半部分．尚来到达转折点。由此可见．环境质量的改善并非随着收入水平的提高而自动发生。除了收入因素。影响山东省EKC的因素还有国家或地区的环境政策、工业化进程等。     

根据具体情况优化EPA8310中色谱分离条件

运用Agilent（安捷伦）1200系列高效液相色谱和多环芳烃专用柱ZORBAX Eclipse PAH（4.6×250mm、5μm,P.N.959990-918,S.N.USPAB01066）,对16种多环芳烃化合物混合溶液进行分析,根据具体实验条件优化EPA8310中色谱分离条件并得到了更节省时间、分离效率更好的流动相梯度变化程序。     

离子色谱法电化学检测复合甜味剂和饮料中的甜味素

提出了一种以离子色谱法分离,积分安培法检测复合甜味剂和饮料中甜味素的新方法。以ＤｉｏｎｅｘＡＳ４Ａ－ＳＣ柱为分离柱,２７．５ｍｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ为淋洗液等度淋洗,积分安培电化学检测。     

利用主成分分析法简化甲烷/空气层流预混火焰的反应机理

利用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis)的方法对甲烷/空气氧化的详细化学反应机理进行了简化，在低压层流预混火焰条件下进行了计算，计算结果与详细机理的计算结果及实验值进行了比较。结果表明简化机理与详细机理吻合较好，简化机理的规模和计算时间有所减少。     

从废催化剂中回收钼的新工艺

确定了用新型复合浸取剂从废催化剂中回收钼的最佳工艺条件废催化剂颗粒度１００目焙烧温度７５０℃,焙烧时间１ｈ复合浸取剂中助浸剂质量为５％,浸取固液质量比１：３,浸取温度６０℃,浸取时间６ｈ,在该条件下,钼的浸取率达到９２．７％～９５．５％。