超/亚临界水中四溴双酚A的脱溴降解特性研究

在超/亚临界水及其碱溶液中对四溴双酚A进行了水热脱溴降解研究。考察了温度、时间和碱类型对降解特性的影响。结果表明,在纯水中温度是影响四溴双酚A降解的关键参数,350℃下反应180 min和400℃反应30 min,脱溴率分别达到98.7%和96.7%,降解产物中苯酚和4-丁基苯酚分别占50%和20%以上,另外还有少量的烷基酚;向反应体系中加入碱不仅可以中和反应过程中产生的氢溴酸以保护超临界反应釜,而且可以在较低温度下实现高的脱溴率,产物中苯酚含量达50%以上、4-异丙烯基苯酚占10%左右,可以实现脱溴同时回收化工产品的目的。与传统的热解技术相比,超/亚临界水处理TBBPA具有明显的优势,本研究为含溴电子废弃物的清洁高附加值资源化利用提供了一条新的途径。     

Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure

Data on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, indoor microenvironments were combined with information from detailed questionnaires regarding the sampling location characteristics, including furnishing and equipment present. These were used to elucidate relationships between possible flame-retarded sources and the contaminant concentrations found in air and dust. Median concentration ranges of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD from all microenvironments were 19-570, 1.7-280, 29-3200 and < 1.6-2 pg/m³ in air and 22-240, 6.1-80, 330-1400 and 45-340 ng/g in dust, respectively. Significant correlations were found between concentrations of some PBDEs and HBCD in air and/or dust and the presence of electronic/electrical devices, foam furniture, PUF mattresses and synthetic bed pillows in, as well as floor area and construction year of the microenvironment. Car interiors were a source to indoor air in dealership halls. Using median and maximum concentrations of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD in air and dust, adult and toddler (12-24 months) intakes from inhalation and dust ingestion were estimated. Toddlers had higher estimated intakes of ΣPenta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD (7.8, 43, 7.6 ng/d, respectively) from dust ingestion than adults (5.8, 38, 6.0 ng/d, respectively). Air inhalation in offices was also an important exposure pathway for ΣPenta-, ΣOcta- and ΣDecaBDE in adults. For ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, air inhalation and dust ingestion play minor roles when compared to previously published Swedish dietary intakes (median exposures). However, in worst case scenarios using maximum concentrations, dust ingestion may represent 77 and 95% of toddler intake for ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, respectively.     

复合塔式生态滤池中氮素迁移转化

构建复合塔式生态滤池进行污水处理实验,对含氮污水通过系统各处理单元前后4种氮形态变化和浓度分布进行探讨。比较各单元进出水水质变化,研究各单元总氮和硝氮的去除效果以及对系统总去除率的贡献。结合装置构造特点,系统分析了氮素在复合塔式生态滤池中的迁移转化规律及除氮机制,并创新性应用δ15N-NO-3方法加以佐证。研究结果表明,复合塔式生态滤池工艺对总氮和硝氮均有很好的去除作用,实验污水中氮污染以硝氮为主,总氮去除主要取决于硝氮的去除;复合塔式生态滤池中硝化-反硝化交替作用明显,为不同形态氮的相关转化以及氮的去除创造了优越的条件。     

4种重金属离子对间接火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铝的干扰

空气-乙炔间接火焰原子吸收法是我国目前运用较多且易于推广的铝检测方法,研究了Mg2+、Ca2+、Zn2+和Ni2+4种离子对此法测定0.40 mg/L Al3+的干扰情况。得出如下结论:(1)在±5%误差范围内,15.10 mg/L Mg2+、105.00mg/L Ca2+、0.23 mg/L Zn2+、0.88 mg/L Ni2+对0.40 mg/L Al3+无干扰。(2)本方法虽然操作复杂,但成本较低、灵敏度高,检测的浓度范围宽、稳定性好,加标回收率为96%~99%,检出限为0.04 mg/L,适宜测定范围为0.05~100.00 mg/L,适用于饮用水、河水及地下水中Al3+的测定。     

超声协同下镍铁双金属化合物催化降解水溶液中的四氯化碳

以水合肼作为还原剂、PVP作为稳定剂,在碱性条件下借助水热途径制备了Fe Ni3双金属化合物,并对其物相结构与外观形貌进行了表征。在超声协同作用下用自制的Fe Ni3化合物微粉作为催化剂对水溶液中的四氯化碳进行了催化降解处理,考查了超声功率、催化剂加入量、温度和p H值对四氯化碳降解效果的影响,同时,与超声辅助还原铁粉降解四氯化碳进行了比较。结果表明,Fe Ni3化合物对于水溶液中的四氯化碳具有显著的催化降解作用,催化剂投加量增大,四氯化碳的降解率升高。在给定的实验条件下,温度对四氯化碳降解效果的影响最为显著,40℃时,15 min内四氯化碳的降解率即可达到94.61%,而且其降解效果明显优于还原铁粉(68.34%)。     

基于珙桐保护与资源开发的思考——珙桐叶复合袋泡茶加工工艺研究

主要利用珙桐叶的抗癌、防癌、抗氧化等特性,结合传统中医理论,将其与绿茶、余甘子、甜叶茶进行科学配伍,对珙桐叶的复方袋泡茶加工工艺进行研究,期望通过对珙桐资源的开发来促进珙桐由被动保护向主动保护转变,从而达到生态效益与经济效益双赢的目的。     

黑木耳和茶叶黄酮复配物的抗氧化活性

研究了黑木耳和茶叶黄酮复合对两种自由基体系的活性清除。结果表明,黑木耳和茶叶黄酮复合对羟基自由基（OH.）和超氧阴离子自由基（O2-.）均有较强的清除作用,且随着用量的增加清除效果增强。在同样用量的情况下,其清除作用明显强于单种黄酮的抗氧化作用,初步说明两种黄酮的复合可增强清除自由基的活性。     

石化企业固定顶储罐挥发性有机物排放量影响因素的分析

采用美国国家环保局推荐的储罐挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量定量计算方法,以北京某石化企业轻柴油固定顶储罐为案例对象,计算了固定顶储罐的总损失。通过对不同参数进行调节,比较分析了各变量对损失量的影响程度,得出了影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失和工作损失的关键参数和次要参数。并在此基础上,提出了降低固定顶储罐VOCs排放量的对应措施。实验结果表明:影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和液体存储高度,次要参数为日环境温差和罐漆太阳能吸收率;影响工作损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和年净周转量。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in seven different marine bird species from Iceland

Data on distribution, concentration and trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) is scarce in biota from the sub-Arctic region of the Atlantic. The present study is an investigation on PBDE and HBCD concentrations in eggs from seven marine bird species from Iceland, i.e. common eider (Somateria mollissima), arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea), guillemot (Uria aalge), fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus), great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) and great skua (Stercorarius skua). Concentrations of sum PBDEs ranged from 44 ng g⁻¹ fat in eider eggs to 2400 ng g⁻¹ fat in great skua eggs. The contribution of different PBDE congeners to the sum concentration differed between species. Concentration of HBCDs (sum of α−,β⁻ and γ−HBCD) ranged from 1.3 ng g⁻¹ fat in arctic tern eggs to 41 ng g⁻¹ fat in great black-backed gull. PCA on PBDE and HBCD shows different trends between the two BFR groups, further indicating different sources/usage. Investigations on any potential health or population effects of environmental pollutants on the great skua are advised since both the PBDE and HBCD concentrations are high.     

TiO2光催化法降解空气中的苯

以紫外灯为光源,采用P25型TiO₂光催化降解空气中的苯。为保证TiO₂的高分散性、增加其在铝板上的附着牢固性,加入了聚乙烯醇和硅溶胶,这在一定程度上增加了催化剂对光能的利用率,但也造成了催化剂活性的降低。实验结果表明：苯的光催化降解反应属一级动力学反应;苯降解率随初始苯质量浓度的增加而减小,随反应面积的增大而增大,在253.7 nm波长光源下的降解效果优于365.0 nm;苯降解所得的气相产物主要为CO₂和CO;随使用次数的增加,催化剂失活现象逐步显现;双氧水对催化剂的再生效果优于去离子水。