臭氧催化氧化处理活性蓝染料废水及催化剂的研究

进行了臭氧化学氧化体系和臭氧催化氧化体系对活性蓝处理效果的比较。提出了常温常压下臭氧催化氧化预处理活性蓝染料废水的新方法。实验结果表明,臭氧催化氧化处理COD为13 800 mg/L的活性蓝染料废水时,最佳反应pH值为5～6,臭氧用量为80 mg/L时,反应时间约40 min,COD去除率大于80%,色度去除率大于90%,达到了预处理要求。     

原子吸收测定污水中可溶性硫化物试验研究

无火焰原子吸收法测定可溶性硫化物的基本原理是使水中硫化物与硝酸银反应,生成硫化银沉淀,沉淀过滤后用原子吸收分光光度计测定剩余银含量,间接测定硫化物含量。本文通过对无火焰原子吸收法测定银含量过程中的各种条件试验,并加以分析研究。实验表明此方法具有测定灵敏度高,背景值测定具有优越性等特点,完全满足污水中硫化物监测的需要。     

Safety parameters for oxygen-enriched flames

The utilization of low-quality gaseous fuel from biomass gasification and the abundance of oxygen-rich streams obtained as a by-product of nitrogen-air separation by membrane technology has incentivized the development of sustainable oxygen-enriched combustion technologies in the last decades. However, a dearth of experimental and numerical analysis addressing the reactivity and safety aspects of these mixtures at initial low temperatures can be observed in the current literature.In this work, the heat flux burner was adopted for the measurement of the laminar burning velocity of methane in oxygen enriched air at different equivalence ratios. Results were compared with numerical data obtained by means of detailed kinetic mechanisms developed at the University of Bologna and the Gas Research Institute (GriMech3.0). Simplified correlations for the estimation of the laminar burning velocity with respect to the oxygen content at any equivalence ratio were developed, tested and evaluated.An elemental reaction-based function was found appropriate for the estimation of the overall reactivity of the investigated mixtures. Besides, numerical analyses were performed to characterize the flame structures in terms of temperature and product distribution under several initial conditions. These results gave further insights into the reaction mechanisms of gaseous fuels in the case of oxygen-enriched air, highlighting potential bottlenecks for kinetic model refinements. Eventually, relevant safety parameters were estimated, in particular the flammability range of the fuel/oxidant mixture, in terms of lower and upper flammability limits.     

封闭管道油气爆炸超压及火焰传播特性

对油气在封闭管道内的爆炸特性进行研究，发现爆炸超压发展过程可以分为3个阶段:第1次超压上升阶段、第2次超压上升阶段和超压下降阶段。初始油气浓度对爆炸初始阶段的发展有很大影响，油气浓度为1.73%时发展最激烈；当初始油气浓度较高时，在最大超压峰值附近，会产生压力振荡现象；初始油气浓度对Tulip火焰的形成及发展有较大影响，各种浓度油气的爆炸，都有形成Tulip火焰的趋势；当油气浓度适中时，Tulip火焰会一直传播到管道末端，当油气浓度较高或较低时，火焰锋面会经由鲨鱼嘴形状火焰转变为刀尖形火焰，当初始油气浓度为1.73%时，最容易发展形成Tuilp火焰。     

An investigation of flammability limits of gaseous mixtures at reduced pressures

An experimental investigation of flammability limits of hydrogen, methane and propane in air and oxygen at reduced pressures was carried out. A slow influence of sizes of an experimental vessel of a diameter higher than 125 mm on the flammability limits was revealed, but an influence of a type of an oxidizer (air or oxygen) and an ignition energy is significant. Critical values of an initial pressure for a possibility of a flame propagation were determined. The limiting values of the ignition energy were determined, for which an elevation of this parameter does not influence the critical pressure and the flammability region. A qualitative interpretation of obtained experimental results is given, which is based on a peculiarities of a flame initiation.     

惰性气体抑制瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性实验研究*

为研究惰性气体抑制瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性,在自行搭建的中尺度爆炸激波管道上,采用数据采集系统、压电式传感器、火焰传感器、同步控制系统和激光纹影测试系统,通过对比4种不同喷射压力（0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5 MPa）的实验工况,选用N2做为惰性介质时抑制火焰的传播特性与喷射压力密切相关,火焰传播速度随着喷射压力增加呈现先增加后减弱的趋势。研究结果表明:少量N2在管道中扩散,加剧了未反应预混气体的扰动状态,造成火焰阵面褶皱的卷吸能力增强,进而加速化学反应进程,促进预混气体燃烧;喷射压力为1.5 MPa时,火焰阵面拉升、变形最强,火焰传播速度提高,最高可达到250 m/s;喷射压力为3.5 MPa时,火焰阵面出现明显三维凹陷结构,运动发生明显滞后现象,火焰传播速度大幅度降低至5.4 m/s,惰性气体抑制火焰传播效果明显。     

Radiation heat transfer in transient dust cloud flame propagation

This study investigates the impact of radiation heat transfer and heat conduction on dust cloud combustion. Radiation plays a very important role in the stability of dust cloud flame, and increasing the amount of radiation drastically raises the possibility of instability and explosion in a dust cloud mixture. Flame speed, which is a function of mixture characteristics, can exhibit a fluctuating behavior. By using the discrete heat source method, it would be possible to study the transient propagation of dust flames. Thus, the propagation speed of flame can be obtained, and as time goes by, the transient speed of dust flame will reach its steady state value. By considering the radiation effect, better agreement is observed between the obtained results and experimental data.     

Presence of organophosphate flame retardants (OPEs) in different functional areas in residential homes in Beijing, China

The production and application of organophosphate esters (OPEs) have dramatically increased in recent years due to their use as a replacement for brominated flame retardants. In this study, 13 OPEs (Σ₁₃OPEs) were analyzed in indoor air samples from kitchens and living rooms in 14 residential homes in Beijing, China. The concentrations of Σ₁₃OPEs in kitchen air samples (mean: 13 ng/m³) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in living room air samples (5.0 ng/m³). In addition, paired window surface organic film samples were collected and analyzed to investigate film-air partitioning, exhibiting a mean concentration of Σ₁₃OPEs of 4100 ng/m². The congener profiles showed that tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the predominant compound in both window film samples (48%) and the corresponding indoor air sample (56%). The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of OPEs via indoor air inhalation were 2.8 and 1.4 ng/kg/day for infants and adults, respectively, both of which are below the reference dose values (RfDs). Overall, these findings indicate that OPEs in the indoor air environment of residential homes in Beijing are not likely to pose a health risk to the general population.     

Chemical characterization of emissions from a municipal solid waste treatment plant

Gaseous emissions are an important problem in municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment plants. The sources points of emissions considered in the present work are: fresh compost, mature compost, landfill leaks and leachate ponds. Hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analysed in the emissions from these sources. Hydrogen sulphide and ammonia were important contributors to the total emission volume. Landfill leaks are significant source points of emissions of H₂S; the average concentration of H₂S in biogas from the landfill leaks is around 1700 ppmv. The fresh composting site was also an important contributor of H₂S to the total emission volume; its concentration varied between 3.2 and 1.7 ppmv and a decrease with time was observed. The mature composting site showed a reduction of H₂S concentration (<0.1 ppmv). Leachate pond showed a low concentration of H₂S (in order of ppbv). Regarding NH₃, composting sites and landfill leaks are notable source points of emissions (composting sites varied around 30–600 ppmv; biogas from landfill leaks varied from 160 to 640 ppmv).Regarding VOCs, the main compounds were: limonene, p-cymene, pinene, cyclohexane, reaching concentrations around 0.2–4.3 ppmv.H₂S/NH₃, limonene/p-cymene, limonene/cyclohexane ratios can be useful for analysing and identifying the emission sources.     

卫星观测资料改进活性VOCs源排放及其对臭氧模拟影响

本文以INTEX-B （Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B）人为源、FINNv1（Fire Inventory from NCAR version 1）生物质燃烧源、MEGAN （Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature）生物源作为基准源,用2005~2007年3a的OMI观测资料作为参考,使用WRF-chem模式,建立了卫星观测数据与地面排放VOCs源数据的回归方程,通过OMI观测资料的约束,人为源在目前污染最为严重的京津冀、长三角、珠三角3个城市群区域分别增加了1.51倍、1.87倍和1.93倍,生物质燃烧源在3个区域分别增加了12.2倍、6.15倍和2.27倍,生物源在3个区域分别增加了1.66、1.31和1.21倍,增加后的浓度分布与前人研究结论有较好的一致性.使用改进后的源清单模拟结果来看,不同季节,3个区域O₃浓度均有不同幅度的增加,各季节增幅较大的区域均主要集中在京津冀、长三角和珠三角中心城市及周边区域,与我国大型城市区基本都是VOCs敏感区的结论一致.整体而言,VOCs源强改进后,NO_x敏感区O₃浓度增加幅度不大,不超过4×10^-9,而部分VOCs敏感区增幅超过20×10^-9.本文所提供的方法可进一步改进后在大气污染相关研究中,特别是模式源清单研究中广泛使用.