Effects of hydrogen addition on propagation characteristics of premixed methane/air flames

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the effects of hydrogen addition on the fundamental propagation characteristics of methane/air premixed flames at different equivalence ratios in a venting duct. The hydrogen fraction in the methane–hydrogen mixture was varied from 0 to 1 at equivalence ratios of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2. The results indicate that the tendency towards flame instability increased with the fraction of hydrogen, and the premixed hydrogen/methane flame underwent a complex shape change with the increasing hydrogen fraction. The tulip flame only formed when the fraction of hydrogen ranged from 0 to 50% at an equivalence ratio of 0.8. It was also found that the flame front speed and the overpressure increased significantly with the hydrogen fraction. For all equivalence ratios, the stoichiometric flame (Φ = 1.0) has the shortest time of flame propagation and the maximum overpressure.     

电动及其联用技术修复复合污染土壤的研究现状

电动修复技术是近年来发展起来的一种用于处理土壤污染的绿色技术,现已成为当前土壤修复研究领域的热点。综述了电动修复去除污染物的反应机理和优缺点,影响电动修复效率因素如土壤性质、电压梯度、电极材料、两极p H等,并总结了近年来治理重金属、有机物多类型复合污染土壤的电动修复及电动-淋洗、电动-生物、电动-超声、电动-PRB联合技术的研究进展,提出了此类技术的发展前景以及方向。     

Oxidation reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) by Compound I model of cytochrome P450s

Alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have become prevalent as a consequence of restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). For risk assessment of these alternatives, knowledge of their metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes is needed. We have previously proved that density functional theory (DFT) is able to predict the metabolism of PBDEs by revealing the molecular mechanisms. In the current study, the reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and structurally similar chemicals with the Compound I model representing the active site of P450 enzymes was investigated. The DFT calculations delineated reaction pathways which lead to reasonable explanations for products that were detected by wet experiments, meanwhile intermediates which cannot be determined were also proposed. Results showed that alkyl hydrogen abstraction will lead to bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethanol, which may undergo hydrolysis yielding 2,4,6-tribromophenol, a neurotoxic compound. In addition, a general pattern of oxidation reactivity regarding the 2,4,6-tribromophenyl moiety was observed among several model compounds. Our study has provided insights for convenient evaluation of the metabolism of other structurally similar BFRs.     

The presence and partitioning behavior of flame retardants in waste, leachate, and air particles from Norwegian waste-handling facilities

Flame retardants in commercial products eventually make their way into the waste stream.Herein the presence of flame retardants in Norwegian landfills, incineration facilities and recycling sorting/defragmenting facilities is investigated. These facilities handled waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE), vehicles, digestate, glass, combustibles, bottom ash and fly ash. The flame retardants considered included polybrominated diphenyl ethers(∑BDE-10) as well as dechlorane plus, polybrominated biphenyls, hexabromobenzene,pentabromotoluene and pentabromoethylbenzene(collectively referred to as ∑FR-7). Plastic,WEEE and vehicles contained the largest amount of flame retardants(∑BDE-10: 45,000–210,000 μg/kg; ∑FR-7: 300–13,000 μg/kg). It was hypothesized leachate and air concentrations from facilities that sort/defragment WEEE and vehicles would be the highest. This was supported for total air phase concentrations(∑BDE-10: 9000–195,000 pg/m~3 WEEE/vehicle facilities, 80–900 pg/m~3 in incineration/sorting and landfill sites), but not for water leachate concentrations(e.g., ∑BDE-10: 15–3500 ng/L in WEEE/Vehicle facilities and 1–250 ng/L in landfill sites). Landfill leachate exhibited similar concentrations as WEEE/vehicle sorting and defragmenting facility leachate. To better account for concentrations in leachates at the different facilities, waste-water partitioning coefficients, Kwastewere measured(for the first time to our knowledge for flame retardants). WEEE and plastic waste had elevated Kwastecompared to other wastes, likely because flame retardants are directly added to these materials. The results of this study have implications for the development of strategies to reduce exposure and environmental emissions of flame retardants in waste and recycled products through improved waste management practices.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌协同竞争对脱氮特性的影响

为了探讨在脱氮过程中异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌类之间的协同和竞争作用,以A2/O工艺好氧污泥中筛出的三株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌——XH02、XH03和FX03为研究对象,经16S rDNA基因序列系统发育分析,鉴定XH02为人苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum sp.),XH03和FX03为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.).在此基础上,分别考察了单菌株和复合菌株(XH02+XH03、XH02+FX03、XH03+FX03和XH02+XH03+FX03) 在异养硝化和好氧反硝化条件下的脱氮特性.结果表明:菌株XH02和XH03具有高效脱氮特性,在异养硝化过程中,第24小时对NH₄+-N的去除率分别为90.2%和89.5%;在好氧反硝化过程中,二者在第24小时对NO₃--N的去除率分别为91.8%和94.0%.复合菌株XH02+XH03无论在异养硝化还是好氧反硝化过程中,均能相互协同,促进生长,进一步提高了脱氮效率,在第24小时对NH₄+-N和NO₃--N的去除率分别达到97.1%和96.7%.在硝化和反硝化过程中,菌株FX03对XH02、XH03均存在着竞争关系,FX03的存在会抑制菌株XH02和XH03的生长,显著降低脱氮效率.研究显示,异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌XH02和XH03之间的协同作用可以强化废水生物处理,提高脱氮效率.      

垃圾填埋气火焰稳定特性试验研究

针对大气式燃烧器在燃烧垃圾填埋气时的火焰稳定特性进行了实验研究，设计了一种结构简单、效果明显的填埋气火焰稳定装置。这种装置对于低热值燃气的稳定燃烧能起到较好的作用。     

双金属催化剂去除VOCs研究进展

催化氧化技术可以有效处理挥发性有机物（VOCs）。综述了双金属催化剂催化氧化去除VOCs的研究进展,重点论述Ag、Au和Cu基双金属催化剂催化去除VOCs的最新研究进展,从制备方法、粒子分散度、形貌、负载量、载体结构和表面修饰等方面讨论了催化氧化VOCs性能和催化剂结构之间的关系。指出：双金属催化剂制备调控可以有效提高金属活性粒子在载体表面的分散度进而增强双金属间协同作用,最终提高VOCs催化反应活性。     

含砷废料资源化利用与无害化处置现状

砷及其砷化物有剧毒,若处置不当,通过土壤、大气和水介质等各种途径进入环境,严重影响人类的生存环境。因此对含砷废料资源化利用和无害化处理一直是环保工作重要研究课题。针对含砷废料来源、稳定性评价方法和资源化综合利用技术进行分析,在此基础上提出含砷废料资源化利用和无害化处置建议。要从根本上建立健全相应的法律法规、标准体系,建立管理网络,培育市场运行体系,强化技术支撑体系,大力推广减量化、资源化、无害化的高新实用技术。     

含芳香族硝基化合物废水处理技术的现状及发展前景

综述了芳香族硝基化合物废水物理、化学和生化处理技术的现状,介绍了两种最新的废水处理技术——纳米技术和等离子体技术,并展望了此类废水处理技术的应用前景。