不同实验标准对几种常见阻燃剂粉尘可爆性影响研究

为研究阻燃剂粉尘可爆性,依据不同实验标准所采用的哈特曼管和20 L球爆炸实验系统,对几种常见阻燃剂粉尘可爆性进行了初步研究。结果表明:按不同标准实验,四溴双酚A、三聚氰胺、二乙基次膦酸铝、赤磷和对二丁基氧化锡均为可爆性粉尘;三氧化二锑、钛白粉、碳酸钙、氢氧化铝和二氧化硅均为不可爆性粉尘;氰尿酸三聚氰胺、球形硅树脂粉以及膨胀石墨的粉尘可爆性结果不一致。对于某些阻燃剂,点火源的起始能量对粉尘可爆性结果有较大影响;某些阻燃剂对爆炸具有抑制效应,抑制程度同物质本身的性质和浓度有关系。     

大空孔复式筒形直眼掏槽力学机制与数值模拟分析

为了解决矿山硬岩巷道爆破开挖存在炸药单耗高、炮眼利用率低和掘进深度短等问题,应用理论分析、数值模拟与现场实践相结合的方法,提出大空孔复式筒形直眼掏槽方式。根据静力学理论,简化掏槽区域岩体只受爆生气体的准静态膨胀作用,并在复式筒形直眼掏槽腔体成形力学机制的基础上,分析大空孔形式下空腔形成的物理力学过程;采用LS-DYNA软件建立数值模型,基于材料参数和状态方程,仿真分析大空孔复式筒形直眼掏槽槽腔有效应力的传播机理;依据巷道尺寸及爆破参数,进行大空孔复式筒形掏槽掘进现场试验。试验结果表明:炮眼利用率提高到89.0%,掘进深度达到2.8 m,炸药单耗降低到3.16 kg/m3,充分证明大空孔复式筒形直眼掏槽方式的可行性。     

GP/APP膨胀阻燃体系对硅橡胶复合材料阻燃及抑烟性能的影响

为了探究石墨粉 (GP) 与聚磷酸铵 (APP) 膨胀阻燃体系对硅橡胶复合材料的阻燃及抑烟特性的影响,采用锥形量热仪 (CCT)、热重分析仪 (TG) 及极限氧指数测试仪 (LOI) 对阻燃硅橡胶复合材料进行表征。研究结果表明:与单独添加膨胀阻燃剂APP的阻燃硅橡胶相比,添加GP/APP膨胀阻燃体系可有效提升燃烧过程中形成的膨胀碳层的致密度,降低阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的热释放速率及总烟释放量,提高阻燃硅橡胶复合材料高温阶段的热稳定性,提升阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的燃烧成炭率和质量保持率; 使阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的氧指数值增大。     

复合混凝剂CAF的研制与净水效果试验

以天然物质甲壳素制备壳聚糖,并用壳聚糖、聚合铝和三氯化铁制成了复合混凝剂ＣＡＦ。详细介绍了制备甲壳素、壳聚糖、ＣＡＦ的工艺流程和最佳工艺参数,试验结果表明,ＣＡＦ的净水效果明显优于无机混凝剂聚合铝和三氯化铁。     

硅油改性尿素基膨胀型阻燃剂的制备与表征

为提高膨胀型阻燃剂的阻燃性能与耐久性能,在水性聚氨酯树脂、聚磷酸铵、聚丙烯酰胺和磷酸铝的基础配方上,通过加入不同掺量的尿素以及不同掺量的硅油,对此阻燃体系配方进行耐久性优化设计,制备出尿素-硅油改性且具有一定耐水性的膨胀型阻燃涂层。通过锥形量热仪测试分析表征其阻燃性能来确定尿素-硅油的最佳掺量;并测量阻燃涂层的水接触角。结果表明:当掺加2 wt%的尿素时样品的阻燃效果最佳,掺量过多时会降低水接触角,影响样品耐水性;当掺加0.5 wt%的硅油时,样品的阻燃效果最佳,且随着掺量增多水接触角逐渐增大。     

航空煤油薄油层燃烧特性实验研究

为研究薄油层燃烧特性,开展航空煤油薄层油池火实验,分析油品燃烧的整个过程、燃烧速率、火焰高度和辐射反馈等参数随时间的变化规律。结果表明:整个薄层燃烧过程除发展、稳定和熄灭阶段外,还存在薄层燃烧衰减阶段。稳定阶段的燃烧速率与初始油层厚度相关,但随着厚度的增加其逐渐趋于稳定;薄层燃烧衰减阶段,燃烧速率会随着实时油层厚度的下降逐渐降低。对比火焰高度的实测值和模型预测值发现,Heskestad模型的预测更接近实际结果;燃烧发展阶段后,火焰辐射反馈基本维持稳定,受初始厚度的影响较小,但辐射透射强度会随着油层厚度的降低而增加,且增速逐渐加快,表明辐射透射在薄层燃烧衰退阶段中起到关键作用。结合辐射透射的变化规律,将辐射反馈分为可吸收和不可吸收2部分,并提出用于预测辐射透射大小的经验模型。     

Effects of moisture and particle size distribution on flame propagation of L-lysine sulfate powder

Lysine is an essential amino acid for human body, and lysine sulfates are at risk of fire and explosion during the production and processing. However, there is no public report on the lysine sulfate powder explosion hazard research. In this paper, the effects of moisture, mass concentration and particle size on the flame propagation behaviors of L-lysine sulfate powder were studied in a vertical pipe. The results showed that the flame propagation could be divided into 3 stages: free propagation, acceleration and attenuation, in which the acceleration was owed to the positive feedback of combustion reaction, gas expansion and turbulence. Moisture content could promote the flame propagation of L-lysine sulfate powder to a certain extent, but it had a strong inhibitory effect on the explosion when the moisture content was too large. The flame propagation velocity increased with the decrease of the average particle size of powder,.With the increase of the particle concentration, the flame propagation velocity of powder explosion increased first and then decreased, that was, there was an optimal concentration of powder explosion, and the powder was more sensitive to the change of concentration in the range of low concentration.     

鱼类样品中有机磷阻燃剂分析方法的优化研究

建立了鱼类组织样品中有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）的分析方法,优化了萃取条件、净化条件、液相色谱条件和质谱检测参数。确定了生物样品经冷冻干燥后,以1∶1（V/V）的正己烷/二氯甲烷混合溶液进行加速溶剂萃取,利用氨基固相萃取柱进行净化,以1∶1（V/V）的正己烷/二氯甲烷、二氯甲烷和9∶1（V/V）的二氯甲烷/甲醇为洗脱液,最后用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时对9种OPFRs进行定性定量检测。结果表明,各物质的基质加标回收率均为56.5%~108%,方法的测定下限为0.016~0.104 ng/g （以脂重计）,满足了生物样品中OPFRs的分析检测要求。利用该方法测定了北京和广州市养殖和野生鲫鱼肌肉组织样品,主要的OPFRs同族体为磷酸三正丁酯（TNBP）、磷酸三乙基己基酯（TEHP）、磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCIPP）和磷酸三氯乙基酯（TCEP）,质量比为5.94~33.7 ng/g（以脂重计）,显示出良好的适用性。     

Sorption of aromatic organophosphate flame retardants on thermally and hydrothermally produced biochars

• TPhP showed faster and higher sorption on biochars than TPPO. • Pyrochars had higher sorption capacity for TPPO than hydrochar. • Hydrophobic interactions dominated TPhP sorption by biochars. • The π-π EDA and electrostatic interactions are involved in sorption. Aromatic organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) pollutants and biochars are commonly present and continually released into soils due to their increasingly wide applications. In this study, for the first time, the sorption of OPFRs on biochars was investigated. Although triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) have similar molecular structures and sizes, TPhP exhibited much faster and higher sorption than TPPO due to its stronger hydrophobicity, suggesting the dominant role of hydrophobic interactions in TPhP sorption. The π-π electron donor–acceptor (EDA) interactions also contributed to the sorption process, as suggested by the negative correlation between the sorption capacity of the aromatic OPFRs and the aromatic index (H/C atomic ratios) of biochar. Density functional theory calculations further showed that one benzene ring of aromatic OPFRs has no electrons, which may interact with biochar via π-π EDA interactions. The electrostatic attraction between the protonated P = O in OPFRs and the negatively charged biochar was found to occur at pH below 7. This work provides insights into the sorption behaviors and mechanisms of aromatic OPFRs by biochars.     

铁系金属对氯代有机物的还原脱氯研究进展

介绍了金属还原法中铁系金属还原脱氯去除氯代有机物的机理及研究现状,概括总结了催化剂类型、两种金属的比率、氯代有机物种类、溶液pH、反应温度、污染物初始浓度等因素对脱氯效果的影响,针对目前存在的问题提出了未来发展的方向。