基于模糊数学钻井井喷概率计算模型研究

针对目前钻井井喷风险主要是单因素定量分析或者多因素的事故树定性分析,不够全面,定量性差等问题,基于层次分析法和模糊综合评价法,建立了钻井井喷的多因素定性定量分析方法.通过层次分析法对影响钻井井喷的地质、井型井别、钻井参数和人员资质等因素进行分析,根据各因素在钻井井喷中作用大小,采用“1-9”标度法确定各因素的权重.基于模糊数学理论,采用不同的隶属度函数确定方法,建立了适合不同因素的隶属度函数,在此基础上形成了钻井井喷概率计算方法.通过实例计算表明,此模型可以预测钻井井喷的概率,符合现场实际情况,对钻井过程中预防井喷具有一定的指导借鉴作用.     

石化企业的环境污染事故应急预案分析与建议

从环境污染角度分析了"吉化爆炸"、"大连原油泄漏"和"兰化系列爆炸"三个典型石化企业安全生产事故案例,论证了环境污染控制在应急预案中的重要地位和完善的应急预案对于避免环境污染事故或最大程度减少事故损失的重要作用。在此基础上,分析了目前石化企业的环境污染应急预案中存在的普遍性问题,并以天津某石化企业的环境污染事故应急预案为例,从应急能力、应急行动、应急培训、预案演练、预案修订和环境污染预防等方面提出了完善建议,增强其针对性、可操作性和科学合理性,以期在应急救援中发挥更好的功效,避免安全生产事故次生环境污染事故。     

建筑应急照明的设计与施工探讨

应急照明是现代建筑安全保障的重要设施之一,它同人身安全和建筑物安全紧密相关。根据建筑电气设计规范对应急照明的具体规定,对应急照明的设计要求做了进一步探讨和归纳总结,并结合具体问题对应急照明设置场所、供电时间、电源供电方式、控制方式、施工设计及设计要点等方面进行了阐述,对应急照明的设计和实践应用中出现的问题进行了分析,并提出了整改措施。     

基于PSR模型的贵州省煤矿安全生产状况综合评价体系

煤矿安全生产的状况是多因素相互影响、制约和共同作用的结果,存在外部环境的宏观因素,也有煤矿企业内部的微观因素.现有的安全生产状况评价主要依靠事故统计分析,通过事故的量和类型来分析和反应安全的状况.仅仅通过事故统计难以全面反映出各因素对安全生产状况的影响.在分析现阶段贵州省煤矿安全生产的现状和主要影响因素的基础上,综合外部宏观与内部微观指标,利用定性与定量相结合的分析方法,通过PSR模型构建综合指标评价体系,并利用层次分析法进行分析、计算和评价,更客观的反映出贵州省煤矿安全生产状况和影响因素.     

中国航油HSE管理体系建设实践

本文阐述了HSE管理体系建立的过程,对中国航油建立HSE管理体系的组织方法和质量控制措施进行了陈述,探讨了科学控制和精细化管理在企业HSE管理体系建设过程中的作用。提出适合国内石油企业的HSE管理体系建设控制方法,以最大限度的建立适宜有效的HSE管理体系。     

Reaction mechanism of arsenic capture by a calcium-based sorbent during the combustion of arsenic-contaminated biomass: A pilot-scale experience

Pilot-scale combustion is required to treat arsenic-enriched biomass in China. CaO addition to arsenic-enriched biomass reduces arsenic emission. CaO captures arsenic via chemical adsorption to form Ca₃(AsO₄)₂. Large quantities of contaminated biomass due to phytoremediation were disposed through combustion in low-income rural regions of China. This process provided a solution to reduce waste volume and disposal cost. Pilot-scale combustion trials were conducted for in site disposal at phytoremediation sites. The reaction mechanism of arsenic capture during pilot-scale combustion should be determined to control the arsenic emission in flue gas. This study investigated three Pteris vittata L. biomass with a disposal capacity of 600 kg/d and different arsenic concentrations from three sites in China. The arsenic concentration in flue gas was greater than that of the national standard in the trial with no emission control, and the arsenic concentration in biomass was 486 mg/kg. CaO addition notably reduced arsenic emission in flue gas, and absorption was efficient when CaO was mixed with biomass at 10% of the total weight. For the trial with 10% CaO addition, arsenic recovery from ash reached 76%, which is an ~8-fold increase compared with the control. Synchrotron radiation analysis confirmed that calcium arsenate is the dominant reaction product.     

Minimizing opportunity costs to aquatic connectivity restoration while controlling an invasive species

Controlling invasive species is critical for conservation but can have unintended consequences for native species and divert resources away from other efforts. This dilemma occurs on a grand scale in the North American Great Lakes, where dams and culverts block tributary access to habitat of desirable fish species and are a lynchpin of long‐standing efforts to limit ecological damage inflicted by the invasive, parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Habitat restoration and sea‐lamprey control create conflicting goals for managing aging infrastructure. We used optimization to minimize opportunity costs of habitat gains for 37 desirable migratory fishes that arose from restricting sea lamprey access (0–25% increase) when selecting barriers for removal under a limited budget (US$1–105 million). Imposing limits on sea lamprey habitat reduced gains in tributary access for desirable species by 15–50% relative to an unconstrained scenario. Additional investment to offset the effect of limiting sea‐lamprey access resulted in high opportunity costs for 30 of 37 species (e.g., an additional US$20–80 million for lake sturgeon [Acipenser fulvescens]) and often required ≥5% increase in sea‐lamprey access to identify barrier‐removal solutions adhering to the budget and limiting access. Narrowly distributed species exhibited the highest opportunity costs but benefited more at less cost when small increases in sea‐lamprey access were allowed. Our results illustrate the value of optimization in limiting opportunity costs when balancing invasion control against restoration benefits for diverse desirable species. Such trade‐off analyses are essential to the restoration of connectivity within fragmented rivers without unleashing invaders.     

灰色综合评价法在电梯维保质量评价中的应用

电梯维护保养质量评价是一项评价指标多,指标间关系复杂,评判结论模糊的工作。应用灰色综合评价法对解决以上工作中的难点有很好的效果。本文介绍了灰色综合评价法的基本思想和原理,给出了灰色评价法指标体系的构造方法、计算过程以及关联系数计算公式的分辨系数选取原则。通过实例分析,得出电梯维护保养质量评价中应用灰色综合评价法的特点和要注意的事项。     

煤矿安全警示宣传图恐惧诉求效果研究

煤矿安全警示宣传图是普及煤矿安全知识、提升工作人员安全意识的重要途径。含有恐惧诉求效果的警示宣传图经常被作为宣传策略来说服或影响受众者的态度和行为。搜集、设计了5组有无恐惧诉求元素的煤矿安全警示宣传对比图,采用眼动试验、心率监测、调查问卷、访谈等方法研究有无恐惧诉求元素煤矿安全警示宣传图的效果差异。结果表明:被试在观看有恐惧诉求元素安全警示宣传图时,注视点较集中在含有恐惧诉求元素的兴趣区,瞳孔较大,平均心率较高;有恐惧诉求元素的安全警示图更能吸引被试的注意力,增强被试的记忆效果,但有恐惧诉求元素的安全警示宣传图在设计时要注意恐惧诉求元素区域与文字标语的配合;"漫画+文字标语"型恐惧诉求安全警示宣传图表达委婉、主题突出、言简意赅,更容易被接受。     

The potential for biodiversity offsetting to fund effective invasive species control

Compensating for biodiversity losses in 1 location by conserving or restoring biodiversity elsewhere (i.e., biodiversity offsetting) is being used increasingly to compensate for biodiversity losses resulting from development. We considered whether a form of biodiversity offsetting, enhancement offsetting (i.e., enhancing the quality of degraded natural habitats through intensive ecological management), can realistically secure additional funding to control biological invaders at a scale and duration that results in enhanced biodiversity outcomes. We suggest that biodiversity offsetting has the potential to enhance biodiversity values through funding of invasive species control, but it needs to meet 7 key conditions: be technically possible to reduce invasive species to levels that enhance native biodiversity; be affordable; be sufficiently large to compensate for the impact; be adaptable to accommodate new strategic and tactical developments while not compromising biodiversity outcomes; acknowledge uncertainties associated with managing pests; be based on an explicit risk assessment that identifies the cost of not achieving target outcomes; and include financial mechanisms to provide for in‐perpetuity funding. The challenge then for conservation practitioners, advocates, and policy makers is to develop frameworks that allow for durable and effective partnerships with developers to realize the full potential of enhancement offsets, which will require a shift away from traditional preservation‐focused approaches to biodiversity management. El Potencial de la Compensación de la Biodiversidad para Financiar Controles Efectivos de Especies Invasoras