提升“小康社会”环境质量综合指数的对策措施

环境质量综合指数是南京市建设“小康社会”的难点、核心指标,通过分析环境质量状况和环境保护工作的现状,提出了创建期间有关环保工作的机制、管理的重点和工程措施等对策与措施.     

Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmosphere Watch stations Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia)

The Alpine stations Zugspitze, Hohenpeissenberg, Sonnblick, Jungfraujoch and Mt. Krvavec contribute to the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The aim of GAW is the surveillance of the large-scale chemical composition of the atmosphere. Thus, the detection of air pollutant transport from regional sources is of particular interest. In this paper, the origin of NO_x (measured with a photo-converter), CO and O₃ at the four Alpine GAW stations is studied by trajectory residence time statistics. Although these methods originated during the early 1980s, no comprehensive study of different atmospheric trace gases measured simultaneously at several background observatories in the Alps was conducted up to present.The main NO_x source regions detected by the trajectory statistics are the northwest of Europe and the region covering East Germany, Czech Republic and southeast Poland, whereas the main CO source areas are the central, north eastern and eastern parts of Europe with some gradient from low to high latitudes. Subsiding air masses from west and southwest are relatively poor in NO_x and CO.The statistics for ozone show strong seasonal effects. Near ground air masses are poor in ozone in winter but rich in ozone in summer. The main source for high ozone concentration in winter is air masses that subside from higher elevations, often enhanced by foehn effects at Hohenpeissenberg. During summer, the Mediterranean constitutes an important additional source for high ozone concentrations.Especially during winter, large differences between Hohenpeissenberg and the higher elevated stations are found. Hohenpeissenberg is frequently within the inversion, whereas the higher elevated stations are above the inversion.Jungfraujoch is the only station where the statistics detect an influence of air rich in CO and NO_x from the Po Basin.     

用物元分析进行水质环境监测优化布点的研究

本文首次提出利用物元分析对水质环境监测优化布点的新方法。在确定了最佳和最次理想点基础上，建立了标准事物和节域事物的物元矩阵。该法具有计算简便、分析合理和容易推广的优点。     

土壤重金属的生物有效性和环境质量标准

本文根据文献资料和一些试验结果,对国内外土壤重金属环境质量标准的研究现状和土壤重金属生物有效性的主要影响因素作了简要介绍,比较了以土壤重金属总量、有效含量和综合指标来评价土壤重金属生物生态效应的优缺点。这些分析比较表明,影响土壤重金属生态效应的因素很多,以土壤重金属总量为单一指标评价土壤重金属污染水平是不够的,以中性盐浸提剂测得的土壤有效含量可能是一种良好指标,而以土壤重金属总量结合土壤pH的综合指标则比较经济、合理和可行。本文也提出了一种pH修正总量指标。     

A fair comparison between the spatial scan and the Besag–Newell Disease clustering tests

Routine surveillance of a large geographic region for clusters of adverse health events, particularly cancers, often involves small area health data, possibly controlling for exposure information. Many different methods have been proposed to test for the presence of geographical clusters. Two of the most popular methods are the spatial scan method proposed by Kulldorff and that using a fixed number of cases within scanning circles proposed by Besag and Newell. Although the second test is very popular, it has some difficulties. While the scan test controls for the multiple testing problem, the Besag and Newell test does not. Additionally, the latter method requires the setting of several tuning parameters whose values affect the test performance and are subjectively chosen by the user. This creates a difficulty to make a fair comparison between the two methods and it explains why there have been few formal studies evaluating their relative performances. In this paper, we modify the Besag and Newell test allowing for the control of the error type I probability and compare its power with respect to that of the spatial scan test. We used data sets from a publicly available simulated benchmark. We found that the two methods have similar results, except for clusters located in sparsely populated regions, where the spatial scan method presented a better performance.     

加速车道几何参数对合流区交通状况的影响分析*

为分析加速车道几何参数对合流区交通状况的影响,基于实验方案和效率-冲突率评价指标,构建实验平台并标定对应参数,结合实际交通场景数据及速度偏差和交通冲突相关系数指标,验证实验平台有效性。结果表明:w,l随主线流量增大而增大,合流区交通状况逐步变好;随主线流量增大,在l=60 m时,w对合流区交通状况的影响较大且整体交通状况较差,而l相应增大后,w对交通状况影响较小。     

基于熵值法改进层次分析法马拉松急救能力评价模型的构建*

为减少马拉松赛事中猝死事故的发生,基于层次分析法、熵值法及模糊综合评价法,构建马拉松赛事医疗保障体系中现场急救能力的评价模型。通过分析马拉松赛事急救系统的组成及急救成功实例,总结影响马拉松急救能力的因素并建立评价指标体系;运用层次分析法确定评价体系的初始指标权重,熵值法修正指标权重,结合模糊决策参数法建立马拉松现场急救能力评价模型,并应用于2004年和2017年北京马拉松赛事,得到2004年北京马拉松的急救能力为“较差”,2017年北京马拉松的急救能力为“较好”,符合实际情况。结果表明:评价模型可为大型马拉松赛事的急救能力评价提供参考,为预防和减少马拉松赛事中猝死事件的发生提供技术支撑。     

基于模糊综合评判的电网应灾能力量化评估*

为应对极端自然灾害下电网在灾前、灾后应灾能力评估的不足,提出基于模糊综合评判的电网应灾能力量化评估方法。通过分析电网系统的综合数据和关联指标,建立电网灾前承受力和灾后恢复力评估指标体系;运用层次分析法和熵权法各自求得指标主、客观权重,并依据权重占比组合成综合权重,使用模糊综合评判对电网应灾能力进行量化评估;通过案例对所提的评估进行验证。结果表明:该评估方法更加有效体现电网实际应灾能力水平,对电网应对极端自然灾害具有一定指导作用。     

江苏沿江各市工业绿色化程度的模糊评价

工业绿色化即工业企业逐步减少污染排放,实现环境无害化的过程,这一过程的进展情况直接影响到区域可持续发展水平。从工业绿色化意识、工业绿色化管理、工业绿色化绩效3个方面构建了区域工业绿色化发展的评价指标体系。为了使评价结果更为科学合理,还对江苏沿江8市的244家工业企业进行问卷调查,在此基础上,结合各市单位产值能耗及污染排放强度、水循环利用率、废水达标排放率、废物综合利用率等工业绿色化绩效的实际值建立多级模糊综合评价模型,对江苏省沿江8市的工业绿色化发展水平进行评价。结果发现,苏州、无锡等苏南经济较发达地区的工业绿色化水平较高,而扬州、镇江、泰州等苏中地区的工业绿色化水平较低。最后提出了加快工业绿色化发展,缩小地区间差距的具体建议     

应用人工湿地[稻田系统]处理北部高寒地区小城镇综合污水

我国东北地区的大、小兴安岭地区气候寒冷,使给传统的污水处理技术在工程建设、技术管理、运行费用和能源消耗等诸多因素都带来很大影响,甚至关键问题至今无法解决或达不到理想的效果。这一区域的城市规模比较小而且分布分散,城市综合污水多呈有机型,且排放规律不稳定。根据这种情况,采用人工措施建造湿地床——稻田系统处理小城镇综合污水,可以克服传统污水处理厂的不利因素,而且还有工程简单、工程期短、工程造价低、工程维护费少、无动力运行、技术稳定可靠、净化效果理想和无二次污染等优点,而且小城镇还具有场地选择方面的优势。本文以地处小兴安岭北麓的孙吴县孙吴镇应用人工湿地技术处理综合污水10余年的实例为例,提出北部高寒地区应用人工湿地（稻田系统）处理小城镇综合污水工艺及相关的技术参数,并进行可行性分析。