CFD技术及其在水处理研究中的应用

简要介绍了CFD技术的基本数值方法和几种著名的商业软件的特征,并例述了在水处理设备研究中的应用,指出CFD技术作为一种强有力的科研手段,应引起广大水处理研究工作者的足够重视。     

GRNN模型在煤与瓦斯突出及瓦斯含量预测中的应用

煤与瓦斯突出的作用机理非常复杂,是诸多因素如地应力、煤层瓦斯、煤体物理力学性质等共同作用的结果。在分析广义回归神经网络(GRNN)的基本原理和算法的基础上,建立煤与瓦斯突出等级以及基于构造复杂程度定量评价的瓦斯含量GRNN模型。然后用收集到的工程实例样本训练和检验该模型。结果表明,GRNN模型具有很好的预测能力和泛化能力,能较好揭示瓦斯含量和诸影响因素间的关系,可用于煤与瓦斯突出判别以及瓦斯含量预测。同时可以看出,光滑因子的合理选取对于提高GRNN模型的预测精度非常重要,因此,在以后的实际应用中需要不断尝试,找出最合理的光滑因子。     

Towards a complex model of disaster behaviour

This paper outlines why a move towards a complex adaptive systems model of behaviour is required if the goal is to generate better understanding of how individuals and groups interact with their environment in a disaster setting. To accomplish this objective, a bridge must be built between the broader social sciences and behavioural economics to incorporate discipline‐specific insights that are needed to move towards complexity. This is only possible through a deeper understanding of behaviour and how the environment in which they occur can influence actions. It is then that one can counteract the poor behavioural predictions, flawed policies based on myth, inefficient design, and suboptimal outcomes that have flourished in the absence of a complex adaptive systems model. This paper provides a conceptual framework that draws on concepts from across the natural and social sciences, such as behavioural economics, endocrinology, psychology, sociobiology, and sociology in order to build an interactive theory of disaster behaviour.     

Coordination in theory,coordination in practice: the case of the Clusters

The atomised nature of the humanitarian system has led to frequent and repeated attempts to coordinate humanitarian activity. Since 2005, some of the best resourced, and arguably most successful, coordination mechanisms have been the humanitarian Clusters, groups of UN (United Nations) and non‐UN actors that engage in sectoral coordination of humanitarian response (such as the provision of healthcare and water) at the global and country level. Nevertheless, it is not clear exactly what ‘coordination’ means in the context of a Cluster. Formal guidance suggests that they should be aiming to create a single, joint strategy to guide the activities of members. Actual experience of the Clusters, however, indicates that looser forms of coordination are more effective. This finding resonates with organisational theory, and with the experience of emergency management professionals beyond the international humanitarian sector. To capitalise fully on the success of the Clusters, policymakers may need to rethink their attitudes to, and expectations of, coordination.     

基于OpenFOAM的城市街区毒气扩散模拟

为了对毒气扩散过程进行及时、有效的模拟,将开源计算流体动力学软件OpenFOAM与PISO算法(pressure implicit with splitting of operators,压力隐式算子分割算法)相结合,进行城市街区毒气扩散模拟研究. 将SIMPLE(semi-implicit method for pressure linked equations,压力耦合方程组的半隐式算法)与PISO算法进行了对比,指出以PISO算法为基础的数值模拟在城市街区这类大范围毒气扩散模拟中具有容差性强、计算较为稳定等优点. 以福州大学怡山校区为扩散区虚拟地理环境,选用氯气为假定毒气,利用OpenFOAM对氯气的扩散传播过程进行了模拟, 并与商用软件FLUENT在相同条件下的ρ(Cl₂)模拟结果进行了对比. 结果表明,结合PISO算法的OpenFOAM能够较好地完成复杂虚拟地理环境下的毒气扩散过程模拟,其ρ(Cl₂)模拟结果与FLUENT模拟结果的平均偏差小于5%,但在计算效率上却提高了41.89%.      

Eco‐hydraulic Evaluation of a Whitewater Park as a Fish Passage Barrier

Whitewater parks (WWPs) typically consist of instream structures that enhance recreational boating by constricting flow into a steep chute that generates a hydraulic jump in a downstream pool. Concerns have been raised that high velocities resulting from WWPs may be inhibiting fish movement during critical life stages. We evaluated the effects of WWPs on upstream fish passage by concurrently monitoring fish movement and hydraulic conditions at three WWP structures and three adjacent natural control (CR) sites in a wadeable river in northern Colorado. Fish movement was tracked with a network of Passive Integrated Transponder antennas over a 14‐month period. Individual fishes (n = 1,639), including brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were tagged and released within WWP and CR sites. Detailed hydraulic conditions occurring during the study period were evaluated with a fully 3D model. Results reveal the WWPs monitored in this study are not a complete barrier to upstream salmonid movement, but differences in passage efficiency from release location range from 29 to 44% in WWP sites and 37 to 63% for CR sites and the suppression of movement is related to body length. Small numbers of monitored nonsalmonids were inadequate to directly observe effects on their movement; however, it is highly probable that movement of smaller native fishes is also suppressed. Hydraulic modeling helps in the design of WWP structures that protect fish passage.     

Effects of Strength and Position of Pollutant Source on Pollutant Dispersion Within an Urban Street Canyon

A two-dimensional numerical model for simulating airflow and pollutant dispersion inside an urban street canyon was first developed using the FLUENT code, and then it was validated against a wind tunnel experiment. Then the effects of strength and position of pollutant sources on pollutant dispersion within an urban street canyon were investigated numerically. The numerical results showed that the dimensionless pollutant concentrations within the urban street canyon were independent from the source strength. The results also revealed that the pollutant distributions inside the urban street canyon with a two-lane road were influenced significantly by the positions of the two sources: 1) the closer the two sources were to the street center of the canyon, the lower the pollutant concentrations on the leeward wall and at the human respiration level in the leeward footpath became; 2) the pollutant concentrations on the windward wall and at the human respiration level in the windward footpath were not sensitive to the locations of the two sources as long as the source on the windward lane was situated outside the small recirculation zone at the bottom corner of the canyon windward wall; 3) the pollutant concentrations on the lower parts of the windward and leeward walls as well as in the two footpaths increased greatly when the two sources were moved from outside into the small recirculation zones.     

邻避型PPP项目的运营模式与居民环境行为研究

运营模式的科学设计以及居民环境行为的有效管理是邻避型PPP项目能否成功的关键。针对邻避项目存在的低收益和居民环境行为转变难两大问题,本文基于计算实验理论与方法构建邻避型PPP项目的运营模式与居民环境行为模型。通过对利益相关主体的社会属性与行为变化规律分析,进而设计运营商、政府、居民和从业人员等主体的计算实验交互规则。模型与计算实验研究了邻避型PPP项目的运营状态和居民环境行为在自负盈亏与统一价格、最小收益保证与统一价格、固定收益率与统一价格、自负盈亏与阶梯价格、最小收益保证与阶梯价格、最小收益保证与阶梯价格以及固定收益率与阶梯价格等六种情景下的演变规律。研究发现:(1)阶梯价格能在短期内改善邻避型PPP项目的运营状况,统一价格机制更有利于项目长远发展。(2)自负盈亏并不是邻避型PPP项目的一个理想方案,收益担保是一个相对稳妥可行的选择,而固定收益率是一个对政府财政有高要求的优化模式,可优化居民环境行为并降低PPP项目的邻避效应。(3)自负盈亏模式下运营商无心开展环境教育和提高从业人员待遇,固定收益率模式有利于推行环境教育并提高从业人员待遇。(4)邻避型PPP项目的环境投入-环境意愿-环境行为之间存在时滞效应。这意味着,较难通过收益模式与价格机制的调整实现系统的最优化,市场的力量无法协调邻避型PPP项目目前存在的矛盾与冲突,需要政府统一管理价格并保证社会资本的回报。同时,改善居民环境行为和管理邻避项目是一个复杂系统工程,需要有系统的筹划与长期时间的积累。     

大气扩散计算流体力学模型综合评估方法研究

模型评估方法研究是模型研发工作的重要组成部分。基于科学性验证与统计性确认提出了大气扩散CFD模型的综合确认评估方法,通过示例的方式展示了方法的使用效果。综合确认评估方法可以提高模型筛选的速度,降低统计性评估对确认性试验数据的需求量,从总体上提高模型确认的效率。评估理论的研究有助于提高基于模型的大气扩散研究的准确性,也有利于高精度模型和试验的设计、开发与遴选。     

窖水中微生物降解污染物的关键细菌

为探究以氮、磷及有机物污染为主要特征的、窖水中参与污染物降解的关键细菌及它们之间潜在的相关关系,基于16S rRNA的微生物组学截面数据,分析了窖水中细菌群落结构与功能及其与水质因子间的相关性,并通过微生物物种的同现或相关种间作用推断模型,构建了7个微生物菌属间的共现性关联网络.结果表明,窖水中存在具有相对特定生态功能的细菌,进行着诸多活跃的与新陈代谢功能基因相关的代谢活动;窖水微生物类群共现性关联网络中大部分节点的菌属营互利共生类型的生态关系;Lacibacter、Arthrobacter、Candidatus Protochlamydia、Methylocaldum、Sulfuritalea、Mycobacterium、Aquirestis、Rhodobacter、Methylotenera等菌属拥有较高的点度中心度;较强的互作关系发生在Sulfuritalea-Rhodobacter、Azospirillum-Rhodobacter、Methylocaldum-Rhodobacter、Arthrobacter-Rhodobacter、Rhodoplanes-Rhodobacter、Candidatus Protochlamydia-Rhodobacter、Methylotenera-Rhodobacter、Rhodobacter-Aquirestis、Mycobacterium-Rhodobacter、PlanctomycesCandidatus Solibacter、Planctomyces-Legionella、Hymenobacter-Adhaeribacter、Luteolibacter-Crenothrix之间.综合分析节点微生物相关性、点度中心度及菌属间的互作强度,认为Rhodobacter、Methylocaldum、Methylotenera、Acinetobacter、Novosphingobium、Planctomyces、Hymenobacter、Luteolibacter为参与窖水污染物微生物降解的关键细菌,Rhodobacter为关键细菌的代表属.研究结果加深了对窖水中污染物微生物降解机制的认识.