广东大中型水库电导率分布特征及其受N、P营养盐的影响

广东省20座大中型水库的电导率在丰水期为22～246us／cm，在枯水期为23～254us/cm；除大境山水库外，其它水库丰水期、枯水期差别不大。在采样的6个流域中，受工业和生活污水污染比较严重的珠江三角洲水库电导率明显高于其它流域水库；东江流域电导率最低。N、P营养盐离子对水库电导率有不同的贡献，总的来说，营养盐质量浓度较高的水库，N、P营养盐离子对水库电导率的贡献率较大，水库电导率也较高。除粤西沿海的鹤地水库以NH4^ 对水库电导率的贡献为主外，其它流域以NO3^ 水库电导率的贡献最大。丰水期、枯水期营养盐离子对水库电导率贡献的结构有变化，PO4^3-对水库电导率贡献的结构变化最大，即PO4^3-在丰水期对电导率的贡献比枯水期明显增高。分析结果表明，广东省大中型水库的电导率反映了水库受污染的程度，富营养化是导致水库电导率上升的重要因素，水库电导率在一定程度上反映了水库的营养水平。     

An analytical model for the interpretation of pulse injection experiments performed for testing the spatial variability of clay formations

This paper presents an analytical model to describe pulse injection experiments. This model solves the advection-diffusion equation while taking into account back diffusion from the clay core to the inlet and from the outlet to the clay core. In most analytical models, back diffusion is neglected. For sufficiently high Péclet numbers, this is a good approximation. However, in experiments where the Péclet number is low, back diffusion is important and must be taken into account. An additional advantage of the present model is that both concentration and flux are conserved at the inlet and at the outlet of the clay core. This model is used to fit pulse injection experiments with iodide and tritiated water (HTO) in clay cores. The (new) model is required for fitting the experimental results since in clay layers advection is very slow leading to a low Péclet number. The experiments are performed on clay cores taken from different depths from the Boom Clay and the Ypres Clay layer under the site of the nuclear power plant of Doel (Belgium). The quality of all fits is excellent and the obtained parameter values are coherent. For HTO, the fitted value for the diffusion accessible porosity is consistent with measurements of the water content in Ypres Clay cores. In both types of clays, the apparent diffusion coefficient at zero flow is between 10(-10) and 2 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for iodide and between 2 x 10(-10) and 3 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for HTO. The dispersion length is in the order of 10(-3) m. The average value for the diffusion accessible porosity is between 0.35 and 0.4 for HTO and between 0.2 and 0.25 for iodide.     

底栖动物扰动对河床渗透性的影响研究

河床渗透性是影响地表水与地下水相互交换的重要因素,为探究底栖动物扰动对河床渗透性的影响,以渭河干流上5个研究点为例,通过对河床沉积物垂向渗透系数和沉积物粒度进行分析,再结合底栖动物的种类和密度,研究垂向渗透系数与底栖动物之间的相关性,以及底栖动物扰动对河床渗透性的影响.结果表明,沉积物成分分布以沙和砾石为主的草滩,渗透系数达到18.479 m·d-1,底栖动物的生物密度为139 ind·m-2;沉积物成分中粉沙和黏土占很大比重的眉县,渗透系数为2.807 m·d-1,底栖动物的生物密度为2 742 ind·m-2;沉积物粒度分布基本相同的眉县、咸阳、临潼和华县等4个渗透性较差研究点中底栖动物的生物密度和垂向渗透系数均差别较大,但是生物密度和垂向渗透系数呈显著相关性,其两者之间皮尔森相关系数r=0.987.不同研究点影响沉积物渗透性的主要决定因素不同,渗透性较强研究点主要为沉积物颗粒大小,渗透性较差研究点主要为底栖动物扰动;不同研究点内生物密度差别较大,不同生物种类差别也较大;底栖动物的生物扰动能够缓解细小沉积物的阻塞,以使弱渗透性河床沉积物的渗透性增强.     

Pollution profiles and physicochemical parameters in old uncontrolled landfills

The long-term effectiveness of the geological barrier beneath municipal-waste landfills is a critical issue for soil and groundwater protection. This study examines natural clayey soils directly in contact with the waste deposited in three landfills over 12 years old in Spain. Several physicochemical and geological parameters were measured as a function of depth. Electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Cl⁻, NH₄⁺, Na⁺ and exchangeable NH₄⁺ and Na⁺ were used as parameters to measure the penetration of landfill leachate pollution. Mineralogy, specific surface area and cationic-exchange capacities were analyzed to characterize the materials under the landfills. A principal component analysis, combined with a Varimax rotation, was applied to the data to determine patterns of association between samples and variables not evident upon initial inspection. The main factors explaining the variation in the data are related to waste composition and local geology. Although leachates have been in contact with clays for long time periods (13-24 years), WSOC and EC fronts are attenuated at depths of 0.2-1.5 m within the clay layer. Taking into account this depth of the clayey materials, these natural substrata (>45% illite-smectite-type sheet silicates) are suitable for confining leachate pollution and for complying with European legislation. This paper outlines the relevant differences in the clayey materials of the three landfills in which a diffusive flux attenuation capacity (A_c) is defined as a function (1) of the rate of decrease of the parameters per meter of material, (2) of the age and area of the landfill and (3) of the quantity and quality of the wastes.     

电导率法测定平流沉淀池停留时间的研究

对电导率法测定平流沉淀池的停留时间进行研究并进行了实际应用,与传统的Cl-浓度测定法相比,电导率法简便易行,准确度也较高。     

压实膨润土的土水特性试验研究

回填材料是高放废物地质处置库多重屏障系统的重要组成部分,以蒙脱石为主要成分的膨润土是较理想的回填材料,研究膨润土的非饱和渗透特性,对于回填材料选材和处置库安全性评价具有重要意义。文章通过室内试验开展柯尔碱膨润土的土水特性研究,用压力膜仪实测不同干密度柯尔碱膨润土的土水特征曲线,根据柔性壁渗透仪测得的饱和导水率数据,采用Van Genuchten(1980)预测模型分别计算得到每种干密度膨润土在不同含水量及基质吸力条件下的非饱和导水率,建立了非饱和导水率与含水量、基质吸力的相关关系,对比分析干密度对曲线的影响。结果表明,干密度对柯尔碱膨润土的土水特征曲线有着明显的影响,在初始含水量相同的情况下,干密度较大的膨润土脱水速率比干密度较小的膨润土脱水速率慢,表现出较高的持水性能。柯尔碱膨润土的非饱和导水率随含水量减小和基质吸力增大皆呈非线性降低,干密度越小,非饱和导水率越大。     

硝酸-PPy/AQDS联合处理改善阳极性能的分析表征

阳极性能是影响微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)性能的关键因素之一.通过吡咯聚合、蒽醌-2,6-磺酸钠盐(AQDS)掺杂以及库仑量调控将不同厚度的PPy/AQDS复合薄膜电沉积至硝酸处理的碳毡阳极上,以期整合碳毡阳极的生物亲合性、导电性及电子传递能力,同时强化阳极的这3种性能.结果表明,随着整合强度的加强,阳极性能逐步得到提升,整合阳极在阳极生物量、电导率以及交换电流密度方面优于对照组2.4~3.3倍,其中0.12 C·cm~(-2)的整合阳极表现出最高的峰值电流(2.86 m A)、最大的阳极生物量(0.44 mg·cm-2)、最大的电导率(0.33 S·cm~(-1))、最大的交换电流密度(3.65×10~(-3)A·m~(-2))以及最小的传质阻力,其对应MFC的最大功率密度达1 060.7 m W·m~(-2),是对照组的2.2倍,阳极开路电势接近-0.55V.循环伏安、电化学阻抗谱、扫描电镜和塔菲尔测试进一步揭示了PPy/AQDS复合薄膜在阳极碳纤维之间的联接、架桥作用,使得不同纤维丝之间的接触更加均匀,减小了电子在生物膜与阳极之间、阳极与外回路之间的传递阻力;同时,沉积于碳毡阳极的PPy/AQDS复合薄膜与硝酸处理后阳极表面形成的吡咯氮类官能团之间的协同作用可能是整合阳极性能提升的本质原因所在.     

南小河沟流域地表水和地下水的稳定同位素和水化学特征及其指示意义

南小河沟流域为典型的黄土高原沟壑区,本文分析了该流域地表水和地下水的氢氧稳定同位素和水化学特征,揭示了地表水与地下水之间的相互关系.结果表明,大气降水的δD和δ¹⁸O值呈现春夏高,秋冬低的季节变化特征.水库水的δD和δ¹⁸O值的季节性变化规律呈现夏秋高、冬春低的特征.地下水的δD和δ¹⁸O值季节性变化规律相对不显著.流域内地表水和地下水水化学类型主要为Na·Mg-HCO₃型.地表水和地下水电导率的季节性变化规律均呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.当地大气降水和深层地下水可能是南小河沟流域内地表水(水库水、沟道水)和泉水的主要补给来源.流域内的常流泉可能主要由深层地下水补给,而季节泉,例如,董庄沟和杨家沟的源头泉则可能是由深层地下水和当地大气降水共同补给.