Factors affecting nitrate distribution in shallow groundwater under a beef farm in South Eastern Ireland

Groundwater contamination was characterised using a methodology which combines shallow groundwater geochemistry data from 17 piezometers over a 2 yr period in a statistical framework and hydrogeological techniques. Nitrate–N (NO₃-N) contaminant mass flux was calculated across three control planes (rows of piezometers) in six isolated plots. Results showed natural attenuation occurs on site although the method does not directly differentiate between dilution and denitrification. It was further investigated whether NO₃-N concentration in shallow groundwater (<5 m below ground level) generated from an agricultural point source on a 4.2 ha site on a beef farm in SE Ireland could be predicted from saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) measurements, ground elevation (m Above Ordnance Datum), elevation of groundwater sampling (screen opening interval) (m AOD) and distance from a dirty water point pollution source. Tobit regression, using a background concentration threshold of 2.6 mg NO₃-N L⁻¹ showed, when assessed individually in a step wise procedure, K_sat was significantly related to groundwater NO₃-N concentration. Distance of the point dirty water pollution source becomes significant when included with K_sat in the model. The model relationships show areas with higher K_sat values have less time for denitrification to occur, whereas lower K_sat values allow denitrification to occur. Areas with higher permeability transport greater NO₃-N fluxes to ground and surface waters. When the distribution of Cl⁻ was examined by the model, K_sat and ground elevation had the most explanatory power but K_sat was not significant pointing to dilution having an effect. Areas with low NO₃ concentration and unaffected Cl⁻ concentration points to denitrification, low NO₃ concentration and low Cl⁻ chloride concentration points to dilution and combining these findings allows areas of denitrification and dilution to be inferred. The effect of denitrification is further supported as mean groundwater NO₃-N was significantly (P < 0.05) related to groundwater N₂/Ar ratio, redox potential (Eh), dissolved O₂ and N₂ and was close to being significant with N₂O (P = 0.08). Calculating contaminant mass flux across more than one control plane is a useful tool to monitor natural attenuation. This tool allows the identification of hot spot areas where intervention other than natural attenuation may be needed to protect receptors.     

石灰在填埋场防渗层中的改性研究

渗滤液是城市固体废物填埋场污染环境的主要来源之一。防渗层可以减少其对环境的污染。鉴于天然防渗层中存在防渗性能差等问题,提出将石灰作为配比填料加入到填埋场底部防渗层中。实验表明,在天然防渗层中分别加入配比为0%、5%和10%的石灰后,配比为10%的防渗层防渗性能良好,对COD和锌离子去除能力较强,效果最佳。     

拮抗菌B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌的抑菌作用

为明确拮抗菌B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌的抑制效果并探明其抑菌特性及方式,对经B96-11处理后芦笋枯萎菌的生长速率、液体电解质、电导率及菌丝重量等进行了测定研究.结果表明,在10~7～10~8 CFU/mL时,B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌均有显著的抑制效果.连续3 wk室内观察发现,B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌丝有持续的抑制作用,与对照比较抑制率为94.07%～88.98%.田问防治效果为93.40%.而农药多菌灵处理的防治效果仅为65.12%.拮抗菌B96-Ⅱ对芦笋枯萎菌的抑制方式主要为:(1)对孢子形成的抑制作用;(2)对孢子的溶解作用;(3)对菌丝生长的抑制作用;(4)对菌丝的致畸作用;(5)对菌体细胞的破损作用.B96-11处理后36 h,溶液总溶解性同体和电导率增高,而菌丝重量下降.图4表3参14     

Performance of activated carbon coated graphite bipolar electrodes on capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction

• Graphite bipolar electrodes act as an appropriate bed for the CDI process. • Activated carbon Coating improves the application of the electrodes. • CDI is an environmentally friendly method to apply for brackish water. • Initial concentration is the most important parameter in the CDI method. • CDI process in a batch-mode setup needs more development. This research investigates a capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction in a batch reactor as a new approach for desalination. Reductions of cost and energy compared with conventional desalination methods are the significant advantages of this approach. In this research, experiments were performed with a pair of graphite bipolar electrodes that were coated with a one-gram activated carbon solution. After completing preliminary tests, the impacts of four parameters on electrical conductivity reduction, including (1) the initial concentration of feed solution, (2) the duration of the tests, (3) the applied voltage, and (4) the pH of the solution, were examined. The results show that the maximum efficiency of electrical conductivity reduction in this laboratory-scale reactor is about 55%. Furthermore, the effects of the initial concentration of feed solution are more significant than the other parameters. Thus, using the capacitive deionization method for water desalination with low and moderate salt concentrations (i.e., brackish water) is proposed as an affordable method. Compared with conventional desalination methods, capacitive deionization is not only more efficient but also potentially more environmentally friendly.     

潜流型人工湿地堵塞机制及其模型化

从物理、化学、生物三个方面分析了人工湿地堵塞的机理,指出湿地堵塞的过程实质上就是有效孔隙率减少的过程,湿地的堵塞与否,堵塞的程度如何,可由其饱和水力传导系数来表征。对几个与人工湿地堵塞有关的数学模型作了介绍和分析,并探讨了一些预防人工湿地堵塞的措施以及其未来的研究方向。     

水稻壮秧分蘖剂苗期抗冷效果初探

利用人工气候室在苗期施用水稻壮秧分蘖剂对水稻秧苗的形态及生理方面的表现进行了探讨。结果表明：水稻壮秧分蘖剂具有增加秧苗干物重,提高秧苗素质,降低电解质渗出率和提高脯氨酸含量的作用。同时增加了秧苗的分蘖能力和提高水稻产量。     

潮间带土壤盐度与电导率的关系

以5：1的水土质量比浸提潮间带土壤，质量法测定的土壤盐度(质量分数)，与电导法测定的稀释了5倍的土壤浸提液(5：1水土质量比)的电导率值之间有极显著的相关性。质量法实测的土壤盐度与电导率计算的土壤盐度之间的相对误差多在5％以下。因此，用电导法测定潮间带土壤盐度不失为一种简便、快速的方法，尤其是样品数较多时更可节约时间。     

酸性矿山废水对沉积物真核微生物群落的影响

对受酸性矿山废水污染的橫石河上游到下游水体和沉积物中理化参数以及沉积物中真核微生物的多样性进行系统调查,使用斯皮尔曼相关性分析和典范对应分析（CCA）甄别真核微生物群落的主要环境胁迫因子.结果表明：橫石河中真核微生物优势种群为真菌门（Fungi）（4.51%~86.69%）、绿藻门（Chlorophyta）（0.61%~77.36%）和纤毛虫门（Ciliophora）（0.81%~34.91%）.沉积物中真核微生物群落Alpha多样性随酸性矿山废水污染梯度降低而逐渐升高.与原核微生物群落不同,酸性矿山废水环境沉积物中真核微生物群落结构的变化主要受硫酸根和电导率的影响.     

黔桂喀斯特区域河流水体离子对底栖硅藻群落的影响

为了建立喀斯特地区河流底栖硅藻对水环境变化的响应模型,定量研究了中国西南喀斯特地区黔桂珠江水系典型岩溶水体中的离子、电导率与底栖硅藻群落分布的关系.研究发现,电导率的范围为20-2070 μS·cm-1,并且ca2+与(HCO-3+CO2-/3)是岩溶水体的主要优势离子.对离子、电导率与硅藻群落结构进行主成分分析(PCA)、对应分析(CA)、加权平均分析(WA)和相关性分析,结果表明,水体离子(HCO-3+CO2-/3、SO2-/4、NO3-、Cl-、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+)与电导率环境变量都能用于解释底栖硅藻的群落分布特征;而ca2+、(HCO3-+CO2-/3)和Na+浓度是影响物种组成的显著因素.通过研究确定了以上8种水体离子和电导率的相应指示种值(最适值Optima),以及这些离子环境下的硅藻分布特征.该结果为中国西南喀斯特地区硅藻种群生态学、个体生态学以及水质评价的研究提供了理论依据.     

Mass transport of organic contaminants through a self-sealing/self-healing mineral landfill liner

The self-sealing/self-healing (SS/SH) liner system is based on the fundamental principle that an impermeable seal is self-formed and self-healed by the pozzolanic reaction at the interface between two adjacent reactive layers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of contaminants on the performance of an SS/SH liner used as a hydraulic barrier, to understand mechanism of volatile organic compound (VOC) sorption on the SS/SH materials, and to estimate the mass transport parameters of contaminants through the SS/SH liner materials. The hydraulic conductivity of the liner material decreased continuously with time, and stabilized at less than 1 × 10^–7cm/s after approximately 15 days. It is known that the seal at the interface between two reactive layers is self-formed over time, and this contributes to the decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of such a liner system. The retardation of the seven target VOCs tested was greater in the SS/SH liner materials than in a clayey soil specimen owing to the higher sorption capacity. An analytical solution developed to test column equipment could reduce the time required to estimate the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients of organic compounds by using the data on changes in concentration in the upper reservoir of the column.