城市居民对周边旅游资源开发的期望特征--以湖南黑麋峰森林公园为例

城市居民无疑是城市周边旅游带的目标客源市场，在进行城市周边旅游资源开发的规划中，必须注重客源城市居民对旅游产品的期望特征的研究。黑麋峰森林公园是一个毗邻株洲市的旅游地。采用了问卷调查的途径，用抽样的方法进行了调查，得出了株洲市居民对其旅游物期望特征。多数居民期望生态景观为主的旅游产品，希望在黑麋峰进行旅游观光和休闲娱乐，对于生态景观观光、奇山异石观光有特别兴趣，期望以家庭和亲友结伴的方式，以公共交通方式出游，多数人认为一次旅游消费的花费应该是100－300元，在黑麋峰旅游2天，期望住在旅馆招待所里。这一案例表明，城市居民普遍喜爱生态旅游产品和休床度假旅游产品，回归大自然的意向明显，对于旅游产品的价格敏感，希望开发低价旅游产品，形成大众旅游格局。     

Computer and mobile phone waste in urban India: an analysis from the perspectives of public perception,consumption and disposal behaviour

Sustainable management of Electronic waste (E-waste) is a major challenge for contemporary India, an emerging economy burdened with both the domestic generation and illegal import of E-waste. Considering the ever-increasing complexities of E-waste in Indian cities, this paper aims to evaluate the current trends, opportunities and challenges associated with consumption of electronic items (with respect to computers and mobile phones) and disposal of E-waste in urban India. Bangalore, a city popularly known as the ‘Silicon Valley of India’, is considered as a case study in order to evaluate public awareness, household consumption and E-waste disposal behaviours. The city profile of Bangalore indicates that it has a rapidly emerging market for electronics and thus, has the potential to act as a ‘model’ for evaluating the issues concerning E-waste in metropolitan India. Questionnaires were distributed originally among 300 households with an effective response rate of 63.3%. The results indicate that the majority of households (59.3%) still retain their obsolete electronics due to lack of knowledge about proper E-waste management. High awareness about E-waste and high willingness to recycle/repair their E-waste (above 80% in both cases) are yet to be translated into responsible disposal/recycling behaviour as 95.8% of households have no knowledge about the presence of any formal recycling centre. Income, education, age and gender dimensions associated with E-waste disposal behaviour and awareness were also evaluated. Although we found no gender differences for most of the parameters, there have been some interesting correlations in age and income-wise segregation of disposal behaviour. We noted that the city of Bangalore still possesses some typical Indian socio-cultural characteristics, such as considering E-waste as ‘valuables’, changing several hands before final disposal, defying ‘brand’ or ‘looks’ consciousness, etc., which could be directed towards responsible E-waste disposal behaviours. We suggest that establishing appropriate and convenient E-waste collection/recycling facilities, ensuring responsible household disposal behaviour, implementing effective laws and legislation, and organizing mass E-waste awareness campaigns would aid in addressing the current E-waste concerns in the city.     

Environmental degradation and remediation: is economics part of the problem?

It is argued that standard environmental economic and 'ecological economics', have the same fundamentals of valuation in terms of money, based on a demand curve derived from utilitymaximization. But this approach leads to three different measuresof value. An invariant measure of value exists only if the consumer has 'homothetic preferences'. In order to obtain a numerical estimate of value, specific functional forms are necessary, but typically these estimates do not converge. This is due to the fact that the underlying economic model is not structurally stable.According to neoclassical economics, any environmental remediation can be justified only in terms of increases in consumer satisfaction, balancing marginal gains against marginal costs. It is not surprising that the optimal policy obtained fromthis approach suggests only small reductions in greenhouse gases.We show that a unidimensional metric of consumer's utility measured in dollar terms can only trivialize the problem of global climate change.     

Does Autonomy Count in Favor of Labeling Genetically Modified Food?

In this paper I argue that consumerautonomy does not count in favor of thelabeling of genetically modified foods (GMfoods) more than for the labeling of non-GMfoods. Further, reasonable considerationssupport the view that it is non-GM foods ratherthan GM foods that should be labeled.     

Regulating Functional Foods in the European Union: Informed Choice versus Consumer Protection?

Due to the rise of functional foods,the distinction between foods and medicines hasbecome increasingly blurred. A new EUregulation covering health claims and otherclaims on food and drink products is on thedocks. A basic motive of legal regulation oflabeling and advertising is to inform andprotect the consumer. Promotion of informedchoice and consumer protection may, however, beconflicting objectives. A further problemsprings from the fact that choice, likeconsent, is a propositional attitude andtherefore opaque. Thus it is extremelydifficult for regulators to fasten onparticular formulations of claims. Despite theprofessed respect for the autonomy of theconsumer, paternalism is never far away andeasily enters in various guises.     

THE PREOPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF A WATER-RESOURCES PROJECT ON PROPERTY PRICES1

ABSTRACT: Residential properties nearby a park-lake system were studied, through time-series, to detect possible changes in the land market during the period between announcement and completion of the impounding reservoir, 1962 to 1973. The time series identifies a period of increases in the values of properties which is concomitant with the announcement of the park-lake. This is followed by a second period characterized by lower prices, which ends in 1970, as construction activities take place. During construction, from 1970 to 1973, property values were found to increase rapidly.     

Citizen or consumer? Reconsidering energy citizenship

ABSTRACT

The transition to more sustainable energy systems has set about redefining the social roles and responsibilities of citizens. Implicit in this are expectations around participation, though the precise contours of what this might mean remain open. Debates around the energy transition have been skewed towards a normative construct of what it means to be a ‘good citizen’, the parameters for which are shaped by predetermined visions of statist and/or market-driven determinations of the energy systems of the future. This article argues that concepts such as ‘energy citizen’ are co-opted to reflect popular neoliberal discourses, and ignore crucial questions of unequal agency and access to resources. Paradoxically, official discourses that push responsibility for the energy transition onto the ‘citizen-as-consumer’ effectively remove agency from citizens, leaving them largely disconnected and disempowered. Consequently, energy citizenship needs to be reconceptualised to incorporate more collective and inclusive contexts for action. Considering how much energy consumption occurs in (traditionally female) domestic spheres, do conventional notions of citizenship (especially with regards to its associated rights and duties) need to be recalibrated in order for the concept to be usefully applied to the energy transition?     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.     

“数学期望”—在环境管理中的应用

随着我国环境保护事业的发展,环境管理向科学化、定量化迈进的同时,工业企业已是我国环境管理工作的重点。如何用一种有效、简单的方法,确定出重点工业污染源,是推动我国环境管理工作向前发展的有效途径之一。本文针对这一问题用“数学期望”做了一个尝试。     

消费者敌意和消费者民族中心主义对旅游意愿的影响

以中国为客源国,以日本为目的地国,通过问卷调查收集了477份有效问卷调查结果,并采用结构方程模型、中介效应分析了消费者敌意、消费者民族中心主义、国家形象对旅游意愿的影响。结果发现:(1)消费者敌意对国家形象有显著负向影响,对旅游意愿的影响不显著。(2)消费者民族中心主义对国家形象和旅游意愿有显著负向影响。(3)国家形象对中国消费者的赴日旅游意愿有显著正向影响。(4)消费者敌意与消费者民族中心主义呈正相关。(5)国家形象在消费者敌意、消费者民族中心主义与旅游意愿之间具有中介作用。