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81.
中国污染控制政策的评估及展望 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
论文对近10年来中国污染控制政策的演变历程和发展特点进行了分析,指出污染控制政策总体上呈现出由单环节末端治理向全过程污染控制演变,由单纯强调工业"三废"控制向工业、城市和农业全方位污染综合防治演变,由单一指令控制手段向行政、经济与技术综合手段演变等3个显著特点;运用影响因素评价矩阵,对当前的主要污染控制政策进行了系统评估,指出目前我国污染控制政策总体执行效果不显著;最后提出了未来中国污染控制政策的基本走向,一是完善污染控制的法律法规体系,二是建立和完善环境影响评价制度、环境目标责任制度和排污许可证制度等三项重点环境管理制度,三是加强环境税收、排污权交易、环境公共财政、生态补偿、绿色资本市场等七项环境经济政策的改革与创新. 相似文献
82.
通过对比分析美国、欧盟及中国的消费品质量安全风险监管和评估现状,得出我国在消费品法律及标准、伤害监测与事故信息平台及公开、消费品风险辨识及评价程序等方面有待深化研究;基于2012年欧美等国家、地区对我国出口消费品的通报数据的统计分析,识别了主要消费品的隐患及危害类型,给出了伤害情景与三维矩阵集成的消费品风险评价方法,为消费品安全评价提供了新方法、新途径,并以婴儿车为例,进行了应用分析,检验了该方法的可行性。 相似文献
83.
基于多群组结构方程模型的绿色价值结构研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
劳可夫 《中国人口.资源与环境》2012,22(7):78-84
绿色价值结构是"人与自然和谐发展"这一价值理念影响下的消费者消费价值观的结构要素。首先回顾了绿色价值结构的相关文献,提出了绿色价值结构的假设模型,设计并开展了以绿色化妆品为主题的面向女性消费者的问卷调查;然后用SPSS13.0对581份有效问卷数据进行了信度和效度检验以及探索性因子分析,并用AMOS17.0对假设模型和调查数据进行了结构方程模型的拟合和检验;最后分析了不同群组消费者的结构方程模型拟合参数的特点。研究结果表明:当前消费者的绿色价值结构主要由消费者的安全价值、环境价值、审美价值和社交价值构成;在这些消费者价值中,年轻消费者群体和低收入消费者群体的安全价值受到绿色价值理念的影响比较突出,高收入水平、高受教育水平以及年龄比较大的消费群体的环境价值受到绿色价值理念的影响比较明显,低学历消费者群体和年轻消费者群体的社交价值则比较容易受到绿色价值理念的影响。 相似文献
84.
Ethical Rooms for Maneuver and Their Prospects
Vis-à-vis the Current Ethical Food Policies in Europe
Michiel Korthals 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(3):249-273
In this paper I want to show that consumer concerns can be implemented in food chains by organizing ethical discussions of
conflicting values that include them as participators. First, it is argued that there are several types of consumer concerns
about food and agriculture that are multi-interpretable and often contradict each other or are at least difficult to reconcile
without considerable loss. Second, these consumer concerns are inherently dynamic because they respond to difficult and complex
societal and technological situations and developments. For example, because of the rising concern with global warming, carbon
dioxide absorption of crops is now attracting public attention, which means that new requirements are being proposed for the
environmentally friendly production of crops. Third, there are different types of consumers, and their choices between conflicting
values differ accordingly. Consumers use different weighing models and various types of information in making their food choices.
Changing food chains more in accordance with consumer concerns should at least take into account the multi-interpretable,
dynamic, and pluralist features of consumer concerns, for example, in traceability schemes. In discussing usual approaches
such as codes, stakeholder analysis, and assurance schemes, I conclude that these traditional approaches can be helpful. However,
in cases of dynamic, pluralistic, and uncertain developments, maintaining some pre-existing evaluating scheme or some clear
cut normative hierarchy, such as codes or assurance schemes, can be disastrous in undermining new ethical desirable initiatives.
Instead of considering ethical standards and targets as fixed, which is done with codes and schemes, it is more fruitful to
emphasize the structure of the processes in which ethical weighing of relevant consumer concerns get shaped. The concept of
“Ethical Room for Maneuver” (ERM) is constructed to specify the ethical desirable conditions under which identification and
weighing of paramount values and their dilemmas can be processed. The main aims of the ERM are making room in all the links
of the food chain for regulating and implementing the relevant consumer concerns by (1) balancing and negotiating, (2) supporting
information systems that are relevant and communicative for various consumer groups and (3) organizing consumer involvement
in the links of the food chain. The social and political context of agriculture and food production, particularly in Europe,
gives ample opportunity for implementing several types of Ethical Rooms for Maneuver. Finally, I discuss several types of
Ethical Rooms for Manoeuvre in the food chains that can be communicated by means of specific traceability schemes to less
involved stakeholders with the potential consequence that the stakeholders will be motivated to be more involved. 相似文献
85.
Consumer concerns pop up. They are relatedto the safety of agrifood products for people, foranimals, and for the environment as well as the socialand ethical implications of certain agrifoodproduction methods. At first sight, the WTO agreementand the SPS and TBT agreements appear to offersufficient legal scope to deal with these concerns andresolve trade conflicts. The events of recent years,however, have shown the limitations of theseagreements in dealing with cultural differencesbetween nations and in dealing with the social andpolitical pressure on national governments to lay downrestrictive, trade distorting measures. It is vitalthat we consider the dynamic relationship betweennational governments, civil society, and the market.In the United States, Canada, and Europe, thisrealization is growing. We propose that these issuesshould be studied by experts in several disciplines:technical experts, hygiene experts and veterinarians,public administration experts, lawyers, philosophers,ethicists, sociologists, and, of course, economists.To unite these disciplines and provide a platform fordiscussion in the light of international tradeliberalisation, the cultural identity of distinctcommunities, and the functioning of the democraticnation state an international network is needed. Wetherefore propose establishing a network to explorethe issues and dynamics described above. The networkshould be international and interdisciplinary withparticipants, initially, from science and government.The purpose of the network would be to present newperspectives to the negotiating parties in the nextWTO round. The first steps to development of thisnetwork have since been taken and an initial group hasbeen established. 相似文献
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89.
David Timmons Andrew Perumal 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(12):2179-2197
In the United States, a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions are from personal vehicle use, and there are large differences in emissions between the most and least efficient vehicles. We use data from 2009 US National Household Travel Survey to characterize consumers who drive the most and least efficient vehicles. We calculate personal fleet efficiency based on all vehicles owned, reflecting the behavioral aspect of vehicle-use choices by owners. Though higher incomes provide the means to purchase more efficient vehicles, we find those with higher incomes more likely to drive low-efficiency vehicles. Higher education levels correlate with greater vehicle efficiency. While some efficiency differences are based on consumer characteristics such as family size, we find large differences that we attribute mostly to cultural preferences as observed by race, region, etc. From a policy perspective, these differences are of particular interest since they may be amenable to change. 相似文献
90.
Discussions are taking place both in the United States and in Europe about how governments should respond to both disasters and crises, and how citizens' non-desirable behaviour might be managed with respect to such disasters. Here we examine the role that risk attitudes and risk perceptions play in decision making behaviour of individuals in times of crises and disasters and how knowledge about individual behaviour and its drivers may be helpful when developing policy. The proposed framework complements the existing literature, thereby further enriching the knowledge of crises and disaster management. 相似文献