中国西部生态系统的水问题综合评估研究——以三工河流域为例

基于中国西部生态系统综合评估的概念框架,提出了该评估的水问题评估目标和概念框架,并以三工河流域为研究对象,通过对不同年份生态系统服务价值的评估,以人工生态系统和天然生态系统服务功能最大化为原则,确定1987年的生态景观状态组合为生态系统保护的最佳生态目标。在此保护目标下,分别估算了河流廊道和河道外生态需水,判定三工河流域生态需水的阈值区间为17%～24%。其后,结合社会经济需水的预测情况,综合分析了当地居民福利变化的情况,并以河流廊道用水和河道外用水平衡、社会经济内部用水平衡以及生态系统和社会经济系统用水平衡为原则,提出了基于人与生态和谐的水资源配置的对策和建议。     

Forks in the Road: Choices in Procedures for Designing Wildland Linkages

Abstract:  Models are commonly used to identify lands that will best maintain the ability of wildlife to move between wildland blocks through matrix lands after the remaining matrix has become incompatible with wildlife movement. We offer a roadmap of 16 choices and assumptions that arise in designing linkages to facilitate movement or gene flow of focal species between 2 or more predefined wildland blocks. We recommend designing linkages to serve multiple (rather than one) focal species likely to serve as a collective umbrella for all native species and ecological processes, explicitly acknowledging untested assumptions, and using uncertainty analysis to illustrate potential effects of model uncertainty. Such uncertainty is best displayed to stakeholders as maps of modeled linkages under different assumptions. We also recommend modeling corridor dwellers (species that require more than one generation to move their genes between wildland blocks) differently from passage species (for which an individual can move between wildland blocks within a few weeks). We identify a problem, which we call the subjective translation problem, that arises because the analyst must subjectively decide how to translate measurements of resource selection into resistance. This problem can be overcome by estimating resistance from observations of animal movement, genetic distances, or interpatch movements. There is room for substantial improvement in the procedures used to design linkages robust to climate change and in tools that allow stakeholders to compare an optimal linkage design to alternative designs that minimize costs or achieve other conservation goals.     

Use of Empirically Derived Source-Destination Models to Map Regional Conservation Corridors

Abstract:  The ability of populations to be connected across large landscapes via dispersal is critical to long-term viability for many species. One means to mitigate population isolation is the protection of movement corridors among habitat patches. Nevertheless, the utility of small, narrow, linear features as habitat corridors has been hotly debated. Here, we argue that analysis of movement across continuously resistant landscapes allows a shift to a broader consideration of how landscape patterns influence connectivity at scales relevant to conservation. We further argue that this change in scale and definition of the connectivity problem improves one's ability to find solutions and may help resolve long-standing disputes regarding scale and definition of movement corridors and their importance to population connectivity. We used a new method that combines empirically derived landscape-resistance maps and least-cost path analysis between multiple source and destination locations to assess habitat isolation and identify corridors and barriers to organism movement. Specifically, we used a genetically based landscape resistance model for American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) to identify major movement corridors and barriers to population connectivity between Yellowstone National Park and the Canadian border. Even though western Montana and northern Idaho contain abundant public lands and the largest wilderness areas in the contiguous United States, moving from the Canadian border to Yellowstone Park along those paths indicated by modeled gene flow required bears to cross at least 6 potential barriers. Our methods are generic and can be applied to virtually any species for which reliable maps of landscape resistance can be developed.     

Protecting River Corridors in Vermont1

Kline, Michael and Barry Cahoon, 2010. Protecting River Corridors in Vermont. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):227-236. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00417.x Abstract: The Vermont Agency of Natural Resources’ current strategy for restoring aquatic habitat, water quality, and riparian ecosystem services is the protection of fluvial geomorphic-based river corridors and associated wetland and floodplain attributes and functions. Vermont has assessed over 1,350 miles of stream channels to determine how natural processes have been modified by channel management activities, corridor encroachments, and land use/land cover changes. Nearly three quarters of Vermont field-assessed reaches are incised limiting access to floodplains and thus reducing important ecosystem services such as flood and erosion hazard mitigation, sediment storage, and nutrient uptake. River corridor planning is conducted with geomorphic data to identify opportunities and constraints to mitigating the effects of physical stressors. Corridors are sized based on the meander belt width and assigned a sensitivity rating based on the likelihood of channel adjustment due to stressors. The approach adopted by Vermont is fundamentally based on restoring fluvial processes associated with dynamic equilibrium, and associated habitat features. Managing toward fluvial equilibrium is taking hold across Vermont through adoption of municipal fluvial erosion hazard zoning and purchase of river corridor easements, or local channel and floodplain management rights. These tools signify a shift away from primarily active management approaches of varying success that largely worked against natural river form and process, to a current community-based, primarily passive approach to accommodate floodplain reestablishment through fluvial processes.     

绕城高速公路走廊的产业发展策略分析——以济南市东绕城高速走廊为例

随着绕城高速公路的建设,国内大城市高速走廊效应日益显著.以山东济南市东绕城高速公路为例,利用SWOT分析方法阐述了绕城高速公路走廊发展的基础条件,明确了产业发展的思路和定位.最后,在总结分析结构提升、重点突破、组团布局、集群发展、品牌联动五大战略的基础上,提出了产业走廊发展所需的人才、科技、投资、资源、基础设施等六大支撑体系.     

青藏工程走廊水环境安全保护等级区划研究

采用模糊数学综合评判法和突变级数法对青藏工程水环境安全的保护等级进行分区评价与研究,结果表明:青藏工程走廊带沿线水环境分为一级、二级和三级保护区3个区域,其中一级区范围为青藏高速公路拉萨—安多段,二级区范围为青藏高速公路安多—茶错段,三级区范围为青藏高速公路茶错—格尔木段;青藏工程走廊水环境安全保护路段共计408.92 km,安全保护等级高,占路线全长的35.56%。建议拉萨—安多全段,以及安多—茶错段部分路(桥)面通过工程措施和非工程措施相结合的方式实现路(桥)面径流污染控制,有效降低路(桥)面径流对走廊带水环境的影响。     

循环流廊道湿地中氮归趋过程模拟研究

针对新型高效脱氮循环流廊道(CFC)湿地,构建了涵盖6种氮形态、3类介质、10种代谢途径的N循环模型,探索了湿地内N迁移转化模式.结果表明,沸石吸附(53.3%)、植物吸收NH+4-N(27.6%)、NO-3-N反硝化(10.2%)、植物吸收NO-3-N(2.9%)和NO-2-N短程反硝化(1.5%)对TN去除贡献依次降低.NH+4-N去除机制存在季节差异,其中1月NH+4-N主要通过沸石吸附去除(84.5%);4~6月通过植物吸收去除(76.4%~85.3%);7月通过沸石吸附(36.1%)、亚硝化(45.8%)及植物吸收(21.4%)共同去除.此外,定期收获植物、按期再生沸石及种植水生植物可分别提升TN去除率1.7%~7.7%、43.1%~72.2%和19.8%~36.2%.综之,CFC湿地去除途径多样性保障了TN的长期高效去除.     

沿江开发中生态建设问题的探讨

沿江经济迅速发展的同时也将导致一些环境问题的出现。文中分析沿江经济发展过程中占用岸线和河流湿地等对生态环境造成的破坏情况，进而从生态建设的要求出发，提出如何通过建设生态廊道和生态斑块等措施来减缓沿江的生态环境恶化问题。     

河西走廊临泽样区土壤系统分类研究

根据《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》(1995),对河西走廊临泽样区土壤进行了系统分类研究,提出了临泽样区土壤系统分类方案将土壤分为4个土纲(人为土、干旱土、潜育土和雏形土),4个亚纲,5个土类和8个亚类。同时探讨了样区土壤基层分类单元之土系的划分,初步拟定了12个土系。     

Value of Semi-Open Corridors for Simultaneously Connecting Open and Wooded Habitats: a Case Study with Ground Beetles

Abstract:  To counteract habitat fragmentation, the connectivity of a landscape should be enhanced. Corridors are thought to facilitate movement between disconnected patches of habitat, and linear strips of habitat connecting isolated patches are a popular type of corridor. On the other hand, the creation of new corridors can lead to fragmentation of the surrounding habitat. For example, heathland corridors connect patches of heathland and alternatively hedgerows connect patches of woodland. Nevertheless, these corridors themselves also break up previously connected patches of their surrounding habitat and in so doing fragment another type of habitat (heathland corridors fragment woodlands and woodland strips or hedgerows fragment heathlands). To overcome this challenge we propose the use of semi-open habitats (a mixture of heathland and woodland vegetation) as conservation corridors to enable dispersal of both stenotopic heathland and woodland species. We used two semi-open corridors with a mosaic of heathland and woody vegetation to investigate the efficiency of semi-open corridors for species dispersal and to assess whether these corridors might be a suitable approach for nature conservation. We conducted a mark-recapture study on three stenotopic flightless carabid beetles of heathlands and woodlands and took an inventory of all the carabid species in two semi-open corridors. Both methodological approaches showed simultaneous immigration of woodland and heathland species in the semi-open corridor. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a clear separation of the given habitats and affirmed that semi-open corridors are a good strategy for connecting woodlands and heathlands. The best means of creating and preserving semi-open corridors is probably through extensive grazing .