Parental perception of social risk and of positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy for children: The development of two instruments

An important factor that limits children's autonomy outdoors is parental perception of social danger and traffic danger. To obtain quantitative instruments for these dimensions, this work aimed to explore the validity and reliability of three scales. Two of them describe, respectively, problematic aspects of the area of residence linked to traffic and situations of social degradation that could constitute risk factors for the child's psychological and physical safety (Traffic Danger Perception Scale, Social Danger Perception Scale). The third scale investigates parental perception of the positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy for children's maturation and growth. Interviews were conducted with 377 mothers of children between 8 and 10 years of age residing in six different areas in Italy. The results indicated weak reliability of the Traffic Danger Perception Scale, which requires further investigation, and they confirmed the reliability and the construct validity of the Social Danger Perception Scale and the Perception of Positive Potentiality of Outdoor Autonomy for Children Scale. The perception of social danger was higher in mothers who live in larger urban contexts and who have more personal fear of crime and a lower sense of community. The positive perception of children's autonomy of movement was higher among mothers who live in greener areas, who have a greater sense of community and who have more neighbourhood relations.     

Outbound offending: The journey to crime and crime sprees

Studies on crime and mobility primarily focus on local crime patterns. The city has long played an important role, whether analysing the offence or the offender. This paper goes beyond city boundaries and discusses ‘outbound offenders’, whose crime trips start in a city, but end outside. It is argued that a substantial proportion of crime trips follow this pattern, indicating that areas other than cities also provide interesting opportunities for property crime. We link outbound offending to a number of features that may explain crime travelling, including the target’s features and offender/offence features. We find that outbound offending mostly occurs towards affluent target regions and near motorways, as such confirming findings from previous research. We also find crime sprees to be indicative for mobile offending. Thus, mobile property offenders tend to compensate for travelled distances, not only by targeting affluent areas and using fast transportation means, but also by committing several successive offences, hereby reducing their relative transportation cost for each offence.     

浅析我国青少年犯罪的原因及对策

进入新世纪后,我国青少年犯罪出现许多新情况,表现出许多新的特点,究其原因不外乎两个方面:一是客观原因,二是主观原因,因此为了减少和遏止青少年犯罪,必须采取对策进行有效的预防和治理.     

论疫学因果关系推定法在环境犯罪中的运用简

污染型环境犯罪具有复杂、时间长、举证难的特点,运用传统刑法必然因果关系理论难以确定因果关系。疫学因果关系推定法建立在大量的客观统计数据之上,根据四大推定原则来进行因果关系推理,有利于认定污染型环境犯罪的因果关系,但是又存在“高度盖然性”标准不明和容易被主观干扰等缺陷。结合我国实际情况,建议有原则地在污染型环境犯罪中引入疫学因果关系推定。     

澳大利亚环境刑事处罚法律制度与中国之比较

在环境刑事处罚法律制度上，中澳在立法，法律责任，处罚方式，诉讼制度上存在差异。中国应借鉴澳在利亚的优点，确立危险犯的法律责任，完善环境保护法律中关于刑事责任的规定，加大刑法在环境保护领域的力度。     

在《刑法》中确立污染环境罪的思考

对那些严重污染环境的行为处以刑罚,严厉打击一切严重污染环境的单位和个人是加强环境法制的一个有效手段,我国应完善污染环境者的刑事责任,在《刑法》中明确规定污染环境罪,明确污染环境罪的罪名及其犯罪构成。     

事故树分析法在预防自动取款机犯罪活动中的应用

笔者将事故树分析法(FTA)运用到银行领域,预防作案人利用自动取款机(ATM)进行犯罪活动,定性分析其犯罪活动发生的过程,导出引起犯罪活动发生的基本原因事件;建立了相应的事故树图;得出了最小割集、最小径集,比较了各基本原因事件的割集重要系数。最后结合各基本原因事件,从人-机-环系统的角度出发(用户和银行方面、ATM自身设计、环境布置),为银行ATM系统安全性能方面的改善,控制犯罪活动的发生提出一些应对措施。     

论我国保护森林资源刑事立法的完善

目前我国破坏森林资源的犯罪仍处于高发阶段,且形式多样.虽然我国刑法确立了非法采伐、毁坏正规林木罪等罪名,但不足以遏制此类犯罪的发展势头,因此,进一步完善此类犯罪的刑罚体系及其相关制度应成为刑事立法的重点.     

Regulatory resistance to environmental law in rural Australia: land clearing,murder and the media

ABSTRACT

In 2014 an Australia public servant was killed in a confrontation over illegal land clearing. The perpetrator was a land holder with a history of non-compliance with environmental regulations and had been subject to a series of prosecutions. Political suggestions that the crime was somehow justified drew attention to the growing prevalence of law breaking linked to environmental law and policy in rural Australia. This paper investigated the social construction of both the crime and the community response through a qualitative media content analysis. Utilising the “Recipe for Criminalisation” framework developed by Amnesty International, the analysis identified a contest between media discourses of legitimacy in regards to the actions taken by the perpetrator, the public servant and ultimately, the regulatory framework itself. The analysis revealed that the link between media references to illegitimate legislation, excessive regulation, over-zealous compliance and strong social norms of rural independence and economic survival created a persuasive story of justified resistance to unwelcome environmental legislation in this case. Understanding how affected communities respond to instances of policy failure, civil and criminal law breaking and environmental compliance is a crucial factor in designing more legitimate and effective governance regimes. How media narratives are constructed, by whom and in whose interests remains an important analytic question for the study of resistance to environmental law and policy around the world.     

对一起烧山案法律定性的看法

由一起烧山案引入,详细地分析了失火罪、破坏生产经营罪、重大责任事故罪这三种在林业生产中经常会涉及的犯罪的四个构成要件,并比较了它们的异同,对基层执法人员的实际工作具有一定的借鉴作用。