POTENTIAL IMPACT OF EARTHEN WASTE STORAGE STRUCTURES ON WATER RESOURCES IN IOWA1

ABSTRACT: Earthen waste storage structures (EWSS) associated with large confined (concentrated) animal feeding operations (CAFOs) were evaluated for their potential to impact water resources in Iowa. A representative sample of 34 EWSS from a digital database of 439 lagoons and basins permitted between 1987 and 1994 was analyzed. Eighteen percent (6 of 34) directly overlie alluvial aquifers that are used widely for potable water supply. Ninety‐four percent (29 of 31) were constructed below the water table based on EWSS depth data. At 65 percent of EWSS (22 of 34), 50 percent or more of the manure‐spreading area (MSA) has a water‐table depth less than 1.6 m. At 74 percent of EWSS (25 of 34), 90 percent or more of the MSA contains soil with vertical K exceeding 25.4 mm/hr. Seventy‐one percent (24 of 34) occur where 10 percent or less of the MSA is frequently flooded. No significant differences were found among leakage rates due to aquifer vulnerability class or surficial material. However, at least 50 percent of EWSS (14 of 28) leaked at rates significantly greater than 1.6 mm/d under the new construction standard. The estimated 5,000 unregulated CAFOs may have a greater potential to impact water resources in Iowa.     

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND POLICY IN HAWAII: COMING FULL CIRCLE1

ABSTRACT: Changes in watershed management and policy in Hawaii are an instructive case study on the evolution of resource management from a traditional vertically integrated system, to a segmented central government‐based system, and now towards a community and watershed focus. The rise of European social and economic influences coupled with the precipitous decline in the Hawaiian population in the years following European contact led to the destruction of traditional management structures. Subsequently, the dominance of outside interests in Hawaii society and politics, culminating with the sugar industry, facilitated the unrestricted use and privatization of land and water resources. The post‐World War II era ushered in fundamental changes in Hawaii society and politics including renewed appreciation of traditional management practices. Government policies, increased community interest in resource management, and a renaissance in Hawaiian culture have converged in recent years to facilitate the development of new management structures that draw on both traditional and contemporary management. These structures hold great promise for improving Hawaiian watershed management. Our observations suggest that other jurisdictions may find it productive to examine traditional management and policy structures and try to relate them to contemporary community‐based resource management policies and activities.     

INTERACTIVE DISTRIBUTED CONSERVATION PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: In the environmental and agricultural conservation planning process, more efficient and effective tools are needed for planners to assist private landowners with making wiser land use decisions. Current methods are slow, inefficient, and costly. Scientific techniques have not been fully implemented within the planning process, yet such plans are increasingly needed to meet water quality and Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements. The objectives of this study are to (a) utilize the web for accessing an integrated science‐based land use decision support system; (b) link decision tools, models, and databases to the user via the web; (c) link distributed models and databases for enhanced planning efficiency; and (d) integrate the above into an easily usable and readily accessible system. The procedures resulting in the initial design involved planning expertise and focus groups' input. The system was developed in partnership with the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and several state agencies. A survey of 150 certified conservation planners, the end users, was conducted to identify the data sets and planning tools needed. Data, tools, and models then were selected and integrated into a web accessible system. Specifically, the first generation used a web interactive Geographic Information System (GIS) that overlaid onto digital orthoquads and/or soils polygons field boundaries, transportation, hydrologic features (such as drains, rivers, lakes, etc.), and high pesticide risk runoff or infiltration areas. Conservation planners found they could save time with the system. Clients could access the system quickly to help them prepare for meeting with their planner. Previously acquiring GIS maps in some cases had been a lengthy process that limited use of the information in land use decisions.     

规划管制下土地发展权受限的多情景测度:数量与价值

在统筹推进国土空间规划及用途管制的背景下,揭示土地发展权受限的数量及其价值,对于完善中国空间治理体系、解决不平衡不充分发展尤其是区域差异问题具有重要的理论和现实意义。文章以湖北省为"生态资源优势区"代表性省份,首先运用柯布-道格拉斯(C-D)生产函数模型测算各生产要素在农业与非农业部门中对经济增长的弹性以及土地资源在两部门的边际收益,揭示土地发展权受限的客观现实和成因;然后基于缩小湖北省与"经济发展优势区"经济发展差距的不同情景,测度2009—2018年湖北因处于生态资源优势区而使土地发展权受限的数量与价值。结果显示:(1)土地要素投入对湖北省经济增长具有重要影响。2009—2018年,湖北省非农部门经济增长仍依赖土地要素投入,且土地要素对经济增长的贡献难以被其他生产要素替代。(2)高额的机会成本是土地资源由农业部门向非农部门转移的重要潜在驱动力。2009—2018年,湖北省非农部门的土地边际收益是农业部门的17.03~44.14倍,且呈逐年递增趋势,规划管制的存在导致了土地发展权受限。(3)规划管制背景下,对受限的土地发展权进行补偿具有必要性和可行性。在经济发展水平差距缩小10%~100%的不同情景下,2009—2018年湖北省土地发展权受限数量处于0.53×104~5.35×104hm2之间,对应的价值量占同时期"经济发展优势区"总GDP的比重较低,为0.02%~0.19%。基于此,应开展土地发展权受限补偿的制度建设,从土地发展权产权确认和利益分配机制改革两方面量化和落实土地发展权,并以对土地发展权的底线补偿情景为起点逐步提高土地发展权补偿水平,直至实现完全补偿。     

Safety rules: procedural freedom or action constraint?

The paper presents a partial classification of safety rules as constraints imposed from outside on the freedom of choice of individuals or companies. The classification is linked to the Reason model of skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based behaviour. The imposition of constraints is related to a number of criteria concerning the context and use of the rules to arrive at proposals for when and where to apply what type of rule. To illustrate the principles discussed an example is given of the rule from the Dutch Working Environment legislation concerning the requirement to use “current state of the art in prevention” in companies. The paper proposes providing procedural rule support to companies on how to meet the rule, in the form of a data bank of practicable solutions to health and safety problems.     

淮河流域综合治理与南水北调（东线）工程

淮河水系畸形导致流域生态系统脆弱,环境承载力低下,淮河流域可称为生态控制型落后地区,因此今后淮河流域综合治理应以水系统合治理为核心。淮河水系统综合治理的基本原则是“上蓄、中疏、下导”关键是通过河口治理,使下游直流入海,河湖分家。在当今严峻的资源与环境形态下,应当把从５０代国。当作实现中不部地区可持续发展的重要组成部,将与其淮河水系综合治理有机地结合起来。     

锦州市自然降尘污染及对策研究

通过对锦州市自然降尘污染监测的研究，找出了降尘的分布规律及影响降尘的相关因素，并提出了防治对策。     

滇池流域水资源调控应急方案

滇池流域水资源调控应急方案，通过合理调度流域水资源，保证世博会期间，大观河，滇池草海敏感区水质有明显改善；要求大观河从１９９９年３月１日起至同年１０月３１日不间断供水，供水保证率为１００％；草海水体至少置换一次。     

环境管制过程中的管制者与被管制者行为分析

环境污染的经济负外部性对污染者具有激励作用，因此，解决环境问题的关键是对污染者加以管制。作为管制者的政府，需要了解排污者的污染严重程度．井据此限制和惩罚排污者的负外部性，作为被管制对象的排污者，有的要隐瞒真相，逃避惩罚。本文在环境污染的经济外部性和一般消除对策分析的基础上，通过分析环境管制过程中管制者和被管制者之间的博弈对策和行为，说明了惩罚的轻重程度导致的结果决然不同。博彝的最优策略表明。只有一定数额的排污罚金才可以起到惩治的作用，高额罚金不仅可以激励排污者真实披露污染信息。为污染治理提供科学依据，还可以降低政府的检测概率，减少政府在管制过程中的盘易成本，因此，以高额度的罚金管制污染者应成为政府重要的管制手段。     

我国安全立法的现状与入世后的思考

近年来,我国安全立法工作按照"三级立法"原则,紧密结合生产和生活实际,取得了较大的成绩,推动了"以法管安全".但是与社会主义经济发展和安全形势尤其是加入WTO的需要相比,仍有不相适应地方.当前,为促进以"依法治理"和"经济制裁"为主要手段的职业安全管理工作,应加强安全法制的调整与建设,着重从完善立法体系,建立与入世后相关的法律规范等方面作出努力.