Do environmental regulations disproportionately affect small businesses? Evidence from the Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures survey

This paper examines whether the impact of environmental regulations differs by the size of the business. We consider the net effect of statutory, enforcement, and compliance asymmetries by estimating the relationship between plant size and pollution abatement expenditures, using establishment-level data on U.S. manufacturers from the Census Bureau's Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures (PACE) survey and from its Annual Survey of Manufactures and Census of Manufactures. We model establishments' pollution abatement operating costs (PAOC) per unit of economic activity as a function of establishment size, industry, state, and year. Our results show that PAOC intensity increases with establishment and firm size.     

Significant work events and counterproductive work behavior: The role of fairness,emotions, and emotion regulation

In this diary study, we investigated multi‐level predictors of daily counterproductive work behavior (CWB) relying on the theoretical frameworks of affective events theory and the emotion‐centered model of CWB. We assessed significant work events, event‐based fairness perceptions, negative emotional reactions to work events, and employee CWB over a 10‐day period. We tested within‐person relations predicting CWB, and cross‐level moderating effects of two emotion regulation strategies (suppression and reappraisal). Results from a multi‐level path analysis revealed that significant work events had both direct and indirect effects on negative emotional reactions. Further, negative emotional reactions in turn mediated the relationships between significant work events and all forms of daily CWB as well as the relationship between event‐based fairness perceptions and daily CWB‐O. Results also supported the moderating role of reappraisal emotion regulation strategy on relations between significant work events and negative emotional reactions. Less support, however, was found for the moderating influence of suppression on the link between negative emotional reactions and CWB. Among the broad work event categories we identified, our supplemental analyses revealed that negative work events involving interactions with supervisors elicited the highest levels of employee negative emotional reactions. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡水库洪水调度对香溪河藻类群落结构的影响

以三峡大坝汛期洪水调度为契机,于2013年7月在香溪河开展原位监测,研究了洪水调度对藻类群落结构的影响.结果显示:在洪水调度期间香溪河水位变动范围是145.63~148.36m,河流中上游平均流速变化幅度小于河口平均流速变化幅度,中上游与河口的平均流速存在显著差异(P<0.05).调度前香溪河的藻类优势类群为蓝藻与硅藻,蓝藻所占比例高于硅藻,调度结束后,中上游水域硅藻占优势,河口区域蓝藻所占比例升高.香溪河水环境特征与藻类群落结构在洪水调度期间发生了显著改变,Shannon-Weaver指数趋于下降.研究结果表明:三峡大坝拦蓄洪水的过程显著改变了香溪河水环境条件,洪水顶托作用首先改变了支流的水文水动力学特征和水质状况,随后藻类群落快速变化响应了这种改变.洪水调度所营造的动态水位使得靠近大坝的支流生境受到强烈冲击和破坏,导致了藻类种类和生物量的变化;由此可见,水库的动态水位可改变支流的藻类群落结构,有助于抑制和延缓支流水华的发生.     

南通市城镇化过程中水环境调控研究

城镇化是涉及诸多影响因素的复杂动态过程,而水环境又是城镇化进程中最为显著的问题.文章首先介绍了南通市城镇化的发展历程,通过分析城镇化进程中水环境问题,提出了强化水资源保障能力、增强水环境承载能力,提高水灾害防御能力,提升水经济调控能力等有效措施和对策.参13.     

特种设备安全法规标准体系现状与发展

通过回顾特种设备安全法规标准体系的历史过程,对由五个层次构成的特种设备安全法规标准体系的现状逐一进行了说明,从特种设备法规标准的法律地位、作用及特性等方面分析了特种设备安全法规标准的关系,归纳总结特种设备法规标准的体系化、技术性及内容综合化等特点。最终提出了特种设备法规标准体系的发展重点,如重点协调特种设备法所提出的特种设备经营管理、召回及应急响应制度相应的法规标准,确定不同特种设备的基本安全要求,形成特种设备法规标准实施效果评估等。     

我国基础设施建设投资规制中的ESG表现调查研究——基于文本分析方法

环境、社会和治理（ESG）能给基础设施建设投资规制带来新理念,但是我国现行政策和项目中的ESG表现情况尚不清楚,有必要开展调查研究。本研究以规制政策和项目报告为研究对象,采用文本分析方法,对我国基础设施建设投资规制中的ESG表现进行调查研究。研究发现：(1)规制政策和项目报告中均已有一定程度的有关ESG表现方面的内容,但三个维度之间存在丰富性和完备性等方面的差异;(2)环境影响规制政策最完备,社会影响规制涉及安全评估、职业健康预评价等议题,其他议题未在文本中提及,项目治理规制政策数量最多,展现了我国自主的投资项目治理体系;(3)项目报告中的环境影响责任目标和措施相对完善,社会影响责任目标和措施则因项目和所处情境而异,项目治理责任目标和措施更多体现合规性要求,缺乏项目管理人自主动机。本研究提供了基础设施建设投资规制中的ESG表现调查情况,为我国以公共投资为主导的基础设施领域引入国际流行投资理念提供了决策依据。     

河道治理类工程环境影响评价——以北京市大兴区天堂河为例

本文以天堂河河道治理工程为例,综述了河道治理类工程施工期、运行期可能产生的各项环境影响,并提出相应的环境保护对策措施,旨在为以后的河道治理类工程环境影响评价提供参考。     

水环境有毒重金属污染的防控与监管路线

有毒重金属污染已成为我国的重大环境问题。对有毒重金属污染进行有效监管,首先,必须明确认定,对第一类污染物实施《源头总量控制》是污控执法和促进经济结构改革的保证条件。这种监管方式自2008年《笫一次全国污染源普查工业产排污系数手册》公布以来,更具有切实实施的可行性。《源头总量控制》与《水环境容量总量控制》两种监管方式既是各自独立、缺一不可,又是相互依赖和相互补充的关系,目前一些地方的规划管理者模糊和混淆了两类污染物和两种监管的内容和方式,笼统以《水环境总量控制》来监管所有污染物,丢弃了《源头总量控制》,使本应严加管理的饮用水水源地丧失了控制第一类污染物的能力。我国《地面水环境质量标准》(GB3838-88)中第一类污染物的水质指标与我国实际的水环境背景值有很大差距,存在"放宽允排量"和"价态转化引发危害"的问题,以一个10t电解铅的企业为例,证明两种监管方式的铅允排量相差甚大。总之,把第一类污染物与第二类污染物统一实施《水环境容量总量控制》将带来众多的危害,应当严格实施《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》相结合的监管方式。     

The impact of economic activity in Asturias on greenhouse gas emissions: consequences for environmental policy within the Kyoto Protocol framework

Climate change is one of the major worldwide environmental concerns. It is especially the case in many developed countries, where the greenhouse gas emissions responsible for this change are mainly concentrated. For the first time, the Kyoto Protocol includes an international agreement for the reduction of the net emissions of these gases. To fulfil this agreement measures designed to reduce or limit current emissions have to be brought into force. Consequently, fears have arisen about possible consequences on competitiveness and future development of manufacturing activities and the need for support mechanisms for the affected sectors is obvious. In this paper, we carry out a study of the emissions of gases responsible for climate change in Asturias (Spain), a region with an important economic presence of sectors with intensive emissions of CO(2), the chief greenhouse gas. To be precise, in the first place, the volumes of direct emissions of the said gases in 1995 were calculated, showing that the sectors most affected by the Kyoto Protocol in Asturias are iron and steel and electricity production. Secondly, input-output analysis was applied to determine the direct and indirect emissions and the direct, indirect and induced emissions of the different production sectors, respectively. The results derived from the direct and indirect emissions analysis and their comparison with the results of the former allow us to reach some conclusions and environmental policy implications.     

竖形槽道模型中火旋风的发生与旋转规律研究

火旋风是森林火灾中经常发生的一种特殊火行为。作为一种复杂的包舍化学反应的有旋流动,火旋风在不同的可燃物种类和物理条件,以及不同的环境流场条件下,会表现出复杂的动力学特征。本文设计了一个在边角对称开有缝隙的六棱柱体火旋风发生装置,探讨了火旋风特征参数的测量方法,实验模拟了火旋风的发生与发展,对火旋风的温度分布、速度和燃烧时间随燃料和环境条件的变化规律进行了比较分析。