高活性阳极制备及阿莫西林降解中的毒性效应

采用电流调控方式制备多催化位点的高效Ti/PbO₂阳极，并对其形貌、晶型、电化学性能等进行表征，以常见抗生素阿莫西林（AMX）作为目标有机物，考察了阿莫西林在电催化降解中的毒性演变过程.结果表明，随沉积电流密度梯级升高，电极表层形貌由“四棱锥型”向“菜花状”转变，但晶相仍为β-PbO₂，同时电极伏安电荷量提高，膜阻抗降低.毒性检测结果表明，水体中AMX浓度与斜生栅藻的藻密度呈负相关，但对其叶绿素合成表现为“低浓度促进，高浓度抑制”效果.此外，优选制备电极对AMX具有较好的降解效果，AMX水体毒性水平随电催化降解呈现先升高后降低趋势，转录效应指数TELI_total值由最初1.54升至2.61，并经150min的持续电催化降为1.63.经110种基因应激结果表明，AMX在电催化降解中造成的细胞氧化应激与蛋白质应激最为明显.     

规格性与功能性安全法规的分析比较

功能性（或目标设定）安全法规只是提出应达到的目标而不规定实现这些目标的具体措施。本文对规格性（或描述性）与功能性安全法规进行了分析、比较,提出了目前的规格性安全法规存在的问题和功能性安全法规的优点;介绍了后者在一些国家中的成功实践;分析了风险或安全分析在功能性安全法规的实施过程中的作用。     

SCIENCE AND POLICY IN INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Policy and management plans can be enhanced through effective communication between researchers and decision makers. Differences in understanding can come from differences in professional cultures. Scientists deal with facts, proof and incremental progress whereas the decision makers are often faced with perceptions, emotions and deadlines. A case study is presented illustrating the interaction between the political system and science on a water management issue. Irrigation projects in the western San Joaquin Valley of California lead to a situation requiring subsurface drainage and disposal of the drainage water. The original plan was to discharge the drainage water in the Suisun Bay east of the San Francisco Bay. Severe damage to birds associated with selenium in the water led to a reevaluation of irrigation and drainage management options. Federal and state agencies cooperated to establish a San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program (SJVDP) which was to develop plans for solving the problem. Discharge to the Bay was politically eliminated as an option for evaluation, an action criticized by a National Research Council Committee as not being scientifically based. The SJVDP published a Management Plan in 1990 which contained proposals viewed by the scientific community as not necessarily incorrect but not completely justified based on the scientific knowledge at the time. A segment of the Citizens Advisory Committee that was part of the SJVDP consisting of representatives from the interest groups viewed the Management Plan as a negotiated agreement between the environmental and agricultural interests. Presently, an Activity Plan exists, consisting of technical committees to evaluate the current technical and economic evaluation of the management options proposed in the Management Plan. This case study illustrates that factors other than scientific facts have bearing on decisions. Successful management plans must be technically sound, economically viable and socially acceptable. The scientific community needs to evaluate its role in the policy making arena and to focus research on questions of greatest value to decision makers, as well as to scientific peers.     

中国《海环法》法律责任的局限性分析——海洋生态保护的视角

中国《海环法》虽然规定了民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任,但这些法律责任的规定从海洋生态保护的视角观之,其实施都不能达到有效保护海洋生态环境的目的。海洋生态保护的正确路径是预防,民事责任的补偿性与此相悖,行政责任由于自身的局限性也不能完全担负起预防生态损害的重任,生态刑事责任的规定必不可少。而中国所谓的海洋环境污染刑事责任的规定存在缺陷,不足以保护海洋生态环境。     

调水调沙对黄河口海域大型底栖动物群落的影响

于2013年调水调沙前(未开始)、中、后(结束)分别对黄河口海域18个监测站进行了3个航次的大型底栖动物调查,对调水调沙期间大型底栖动物与环境因子的关系进行了研究. 结果表明:3次调查共发现大型底栖动物118种,生物量在调水调沙前、中、后分别为(4.31±1.43)、(5.57±3.85)和(4.04±1.38)g/m2,栖息密度分别为(241±59)、(173±44)和(199±40)ind/m2,并且3次调查期间的生物量和栖息密度均无显著差异(P>0.05);调水调沙期间优势种更替不明显;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数等级在调水调沙前、后均评价为“好”,调水调沙期间为“中等”. 冗余分析表明,除少数机会种和污染指示种外,多数大型底栖动物对环境因子的生态需求为深水、高pH、高盐度和高ρ(DO)(DO为溶解氧). 调水调沙影响范围为调查扇面的东北及河口海域,出现软体动物死亡、多毛类机会种等数量大幅增加的现象. BOPA(底栖动物多毛类机会种和端足目动物)指数和环境因子统计分析显示,调水调沙期间大部分站位环境质量良好,河口污染有加重趋势.      

基于水污染总量控制的土地利用管控分区——以无锡市为例

分区管控研究是水污染控制研究的热点,基于水污染控制的土地利用管控分区,是实现水污染“源头控制”的有效途径之一。论文从土地利用变化的水环境效应出发,立足区域水污染总量控制目标,综合考虑污染负荷允许排放量、水质净化功能和排污地段的敏感性程度等约束条件,探讨了以水污染总量控制为目的的土地利用管控分区方法,尝试将区域水污染分配任务量控制要求,转化为其对社会经济、土地利用等的约束与调整。研究以无锡市为例,采用目标函数熵值法对水污染物总量进行公平分配,通过各评价单元所需控制污染减排量、水质净化功能价值以及环太湖不同地段保护需要的三维等级解析,将无锡市划分为不同污染控制程度的6 个土地利用管控区,并根据不同管控区土地利用-水污染输出特征,提出相应的管控措施。     

温度对铜绿微囊藻细胞浮力的调控机制

为了探讨温度对铜绿微囊藻细胞浮力的调控机制,将铜绿微囊藻分别置于10、15、20、25、30℃条件下,利用改良的percoll密度梯度离心法测得细胞密度,计算出细胞浮力大小,同时测量细胞内比生长速率、光合活性、NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原脱氢酶活性、糖含量、蛋白含量和漂浮细胞百分比.结果显示,在实验温度范围内(10~30℃),随着温度升高,铜绿微囊藻的漂浮细胞百分率增加,浮力变大;同时,细胞内糖含量减少,蛋白含量增加,光合作用和NAD(P)H 依赖型氧化还原脱氢酶活性增强.10、15℃条件培养7d,细胞的密度分别增加了2.7%和1.3%,糖含量分别增加了95.3%和65.5%,漂浮细胞百分比分别降低了23.8%和18.3, NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原脱氢酶活性分别降低了23.8%和18.3%;而20、25和30℃条件培养7d,细胞的密度则分别减少了2.8%、3.8%和3.2%,糖含量分别减少了8.5%、2.9%和19.4%,漂浮细胞百分比分别增加了0%、7%和8.5%,NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原脱氢酶活性分别增加了0%、7%和8.5%.研究结果显示:温度主要通过影响铜绿微囊藻细胞的光合速率、生长代谢速率和伪空胞含量来改变细胞密度实现浮力调节.低温下糖含量增加是浮力消失的主要原因,细胞漂浮与沉降的温度阈值在15~20℃之间.     

Do environmental regulations disproportionately affect small businesses? Evidence from the Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures survey

This paper examines whether the impact of environmental regulations differs by the size of the business. We consider the net effect of statutory, enforcement, and compliance asymmetries by estimating the relationship between plant size and pollution abatement expenditures, using establishment-level data on U.S. manufacturers from the Census Bureau's Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures (PACE) survey and from its Annual Survey of Manufactures and Census of Manufactures. We model establishments' pollution abatement operating costs (PAOC) per unit of economic activity as a function of establishment size, industry, state, and year. Our results show that PAOC intensity increases with establishment and firm size.     

安全生产的《刑法》规制探析

以行政责任为主的安全生产法律责任模式在我国的安全生产中发挥了重要的作用。但是,随着我国生产力的发展和生产规模的扩大,仅仅依靠行政处罚不能促使生产经营单位真正承担起安全生产主体责任,安全生产实践活动表现出了强烈的刑罚诉求,没有刑罚的威慑作用作为支撑,安全生产工作的成效就难以保障。虽然安全生产法律体系中规定了不少刑事责任的内容,但现行安全生产法律制度与刑法相关制度之间的衔接存在众多问题。通过探析两者之间存在的问题和联系,实现《安全生产法》与《刑法》的无缝对接,充分发挥《刑法》的安全生产规制功能,促进安全发展理念的落实。     

Disaster risk reduction and the evolution of physical development regulation

In 1984 the Mitigation Implementation Conference recognized the need for effective management of urban development in terms of building standards and land-use zonation. In the intervening 25 years, significant progress has been made in the development of building codes and hazard mapping for disaster risk reduction; however, the failure to promulgate, implement and enforce regulation of development has resulted in the dramatic expansion of exposure and risk. It is now necessary to re-assess regulatory policy and practice. New approaches to regulatory compliance must be explored, including participatory regulation and reliance on cultural and religious bases for individual commitment to community safety.