政府激励企业环境技术创新的初步研究

本文分析了环境技术创新可可持续发发展战略实施的重要作用,提出了政府激励企业环境技术创新的对策建议。     

天然气引射调峰系统的噪声形成及其治理研究

采用天然气引射调峰技术,能使上海某储配站10台天然气高压球罐的储气调峰能率提高68%,大大有助于解决天然气用气高峰时的供需平衡问题,并能节约初投资人民币1亿元.但使用超音速引射器后,当球罐压力下降到某一值时会产生高频噪声,影响管束区操作环境.本文分析了噪声产生的原因,提出了合理的噪声治理方案,并进行了方案的实施.实践证明:噪声治理效果良好,降低了管束区噪声污染,达到了国家"工业企业噪声卫生标准".     

美国环境与健康管理体制借鉴

美国为应对环境污染带来的公共健康灾难,建立了环保局与卫生部既分工又协作的体制,两个部门都关注环境污染对人类健康的危害。在职能上,环保局侧重于管制和"污染者",卫生部侧重于服务和"潜在受害者"。联邦层面,环保局与卫生部在管制方面和研究(信息共享)方面紧密合作。地方层面,环保局的主要职能是监督各州执行联邦标准,卫生部的主要职能是提供健康和医疗服务,并在具体工作中密切配合。借鉴美国的经验教训,明确建立"公众健康优先"的环境管理价值取向,针对环境与健康风险管理的特点推进生态环境统一监管机构改革,以法治思维和法治方法推进环境与健康治理体系建设;加强科学研究,加快建设环境与健康风险控制信息系统。     

河北省PM2.5污染变化特征及暴露人群健康效应评估研究

PM2.5污染是影响中国城市居民健康和形成雾霾天气的重要原因之一,也是河北省健康发展的一个制约因素.采用环境污染流行病研究为基础的暴露-反应关系估算了2014年和2015年全省因PM2.5污染的居民早逝和罹患相关疾病住院的人数,并利用国家和河北省卫生统计数据,估算出人均人力资源价值和人均住院成本,计算出总经济损失.结果表明,河北省各市的PM2.5年均浓度呈下降趋势,因此,继续坚持有效的大气污染控制和应急健康防护措施,仍然是今后环保工作的重中之重.     

论环境刑法效率的角色

环境刑法的效率即环境刑法效率,是在环境刑法目的的范围内,通过环境刑法机制的运行,环境刑法收益与环境刑法成本之间的比例关系对环境刑事法律资源的配置与利用所达到的一种法律状态。在环境刑法法律价值中,环境刑法效率与环境刑法公正是一体的关系。在环境刑法运行中,环境刑法效率具体化为环境形式立法效率、司法效率、行刑效率,对环境刑法的运行发挥着指导、评价作用。在环境刑法变革中,环境刑法的变革过程在效率的视角上是一个不断追求环境刑法效率的过程。     

对"有毒重金属"实施2种总量控制监管方式的利害分析

首先,必须明确认定：对第一类污染物实施《源头总量控制》是污控执法和促进经济结构改革的保证条件.这种监管方式自2008年《第一次全国污染源普查工业污染源产排污系数手册》公布以来,更具有其切实实施的可行性.《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》两种监管方式既是各自独立、缺一不可,又是相互依赖和相互补充的关系,目前一些地方的规划管理者模糊和混淆了两类污染物和两种监管的内容和方式,笼统以《水环境总量控制》来监管所有污染物,丢弃了《源头总量控制》,使本应严加管理的饮用水水源地丧失了控制第一类污染物的能力.我国《地面水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-88）中第一类污染物的水质指标与我国实际的水环境背景值有很大差距,存在着＂放宽允排量＂和＂价态转化引发危害＂的问题;以一个10 t电解铅的企业为例,证明两种监管方式的铅允排量相差甚大.总之,把第一类污染物与第二类污染物统一实施《水环境容量总量控制》将带来众多的危害,应当严格实施《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》相结合的监管方式.     

HISTORICAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT OF THE WESTERN WATERSHEDS MOVEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The 1990s have featured a rapid proliferation of “watershed initiatives” in the western United States and elsewhere. Watershed initiatives are ad hoc, voluntary associations typically featuring both governmental and non-governmental actors organized together to collaboratively seek new strategies for addressing water and related natural resource problems at physically relevant regional scales. These efforts are a response to historical and sociopolitical trends that have resulted in increasingly ineffective forums and processes of resource management decision-making, and that have subordinated the role of local stakeholders in problem-solving efforts. In most cases, watershed initiatives appear to provide a pragmatic vehicle for resource managers and stakeholders to address common concerns in a more efficient manner than is otherwise possible, and as such, deserve further application and continued support.     

BENEFITS FROM MANAGING FARM PRODUCED NUTRIENTS1

Manures and fertilizers are applied to agricultural lands in excess of recommended amounts, resulting in widespread pollution of surface and ground water and contributing a substantial source of greenhouse gases associated with global warming. By developing policies that exploit the value of farm produced nutrients, input costs can be minimized. Better accounting for or crediting of farm produced nutrients is leading to economically beneficial conservation of fertilizer. In addition, hog producers who own enough land may benefit from properly managing manure nutrients. Poultry litter is valuable as fertilizer and can be marketed by independent dealers to farmers in nutrient deficit areas, with very modest assistance from the government. Dairy producers may modify their past income support programs to finance central compost facilities. Although nutrient problems were neglected in the past, recent Federal initiatives and joint initiatives with states exploit many of these and other opportunities to avoid excessive application of nutrients to the land.     

A COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY PROTECTION IN THE CATAWBA BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to perform a cost‐benefit analysis of maintaining the current level of water quality in the Catawba River basin. Economic benefits were estimated using a stated preference survey method designed to value respondents' willingness to pay for a management plan to protect water quality in the Catawba basin over time. From the surveys conducted with 1,085 area residents, we calculated an annual mean willingness to pay of $139 for the management plan, or more than $75.4 million for all taxpayers in the area. Over the five‐year time horizon in which respondents were asked to pay for the management plan, this resulted in a total economic benefit of $340.1 million. The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework model was used to estimate the amount of management activities needed to protect the current level of water quality in the basin over time. Based on the model results, the total cost of the management plan was calculated to be $244.8 million over a ten‐year period. The resulting cost‐benefit analysis indicated that the potential benefits of this management plan would outweigh the costs by more than $95 million.     

哑铃湾网箱养殖水体中N、P的形态特征及其季节变化调控机制

2002年4月～2003年1月四个季度,对哑铃湾典型网箱养殖区N、P几种形态含量进行了实地调查和分析。结果表明,在该养殖区,N、P的存在形态都以溶解态为主,各种形态的季节变化都受网箱养殖活动和浮游植物的生长状况综合调控;在该海域,从N/P值的角度来看,P是比较缺乏的,但是从浮游植物可利用的角度来看,无机磷却相对过剩。